History of the Inca Religion

History of the Inca Religion Maybe one of the most interesting and striking religions in mankind's history is that of the Incas. Countless individuals have been enraptured by this religion over numerous generations. Many books have been composed and motion pictures made to catch the substance of this religion. After finding out about this paper, it will be clear how staggering these individuals and their religion was. To initially comprehend the religion of the Incas, you should initially know the historical backdrop of the people. The Incan development began from a clan in the Cuzco zone of Peru. The Incas were one of the biggest, most extravagant and most remarkable realms before pre-Columbian America as their domain secured a gigantic zone at its peak. The Inca Empire crossed numerous limits as it vanquished numerous nations and regions through an assortment of means:â from success to quiet assimilation. This lead to the Inca Empire increasing a huge piece of South America. By its tallness during the 1520s, the Inca Empire extended 3,500 miles from present day Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador to the zone in which the Incas started, Peru. It was the biggest realm on earth at the time. After every region had been vanquished, the Incas would assume responsibility for the region by forcing their language and authoritative abilities on the people. This would be trailed by building upgrades to the territory, for example, making streets for the individuals to go on, water system trenches, stone structures and fortresses. The Incas had amazing and innovatively propelled brick work methods for their time. The assessed populace of the Inca Empire at its pinnacle was around twenty million individuals with the official language being Quechua. To control such a tremendous region, the Incas assembled streets, including both uneven and seaside routes. The Inca Empire was administered with proficiency to some extent as a result of an eminent expressway framework that included discontinuously cleared streets up to 24 feet wide, passages, connects, and ventured pathways cut into living stone. The key good country street on the spine of the Andes, ran 3,450 miles from the Colombia-Ecuador fringe to focal Chile. Horizontal streets connected it to the beach front thruway. Unexpectedly, the very roadways that made it feasible for the Inca to control their immense realm, quickly moving a military to subdue a defiance, were additionally the road of the domains destruction, giving the Spanish conquistadors under Pizarro direct access to the core of the kingdom. One existing piece of the street among Cusco and the castle of Machu Picchu is known as the Inca Trail. The measure of control practiced by Cusco over the remainder of th e domain shifted from spot to place. Tribute paid to the Inca rulers originated from ranchers of cotton, potatoes, and maize, herders of alpacas and llamas, and art masters who made polychrome stoneware, prepared brew from maize, wove fine fleece embroidered works of art, and made wooden, stone, and gold, silver and copper objects. Inca urban communities were as extensive as those of Europe, yet increasingly organized and apparently much cleaner and progressively wonderful places in which to live (McEwan, 56). The Inca were composed along a complex various leveled and inherited ancestry framework called the Ayllu framework. Ayllus extended in size from a couple hundred to a huge number of individuals, and they represented access to such things as land, political jobs, marriage, and ceremonial services. Among other significant obligations, Ayllus took upkeep and stylized jobs including the conservation and care of respected mummies of the predecessors of their communities. In Inca social structure, the ruler Sapa Inca, and his spouses, the Coyas, had incomparable power over the domain. The High Priest and the Army Commander in Chief were straightaway. At that point came the Four Apus, the local armed force officers. Next, were sanctuary ministers, designers, chairmen and armed force generals. After them, were craftsmans, performers, armed force commanders and the quipucamayoc, the Incan bookkeepers. At the base were magicians, ranchers, grouping families and recruits. The main set up accounts about the Inca that we can peruse today are archives from the Spanish conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro. Records were kept by the Inca as tied strings called quipu. The Spanish announced that authentic records, especially the deeds of the rulers, were sung, recited, and painted on wooden tablets also. In the Inca Empirec a few polytheistic religions were rehearsed by its various individuals. Most religions had regular characteristics, for example, the presence of a Pachamama and Viracocha. The Incas controlled religion to give the domain attachment by having vanquished people groups add the Inca gods to their pantheon. Inca divinities involved the three realms: Hanan Pacha, the heavenly domain in the sky, Uku Pacha, the internal earth, and Cay Pacha, the external earth where people live. The most significant gods of Hanan Pacha were Inti, the sun god, and Mama Quilla, the moon goddess. Inti Raymi was the celebration of the sun god, the biggest and most significant Inca celebration. The lightning god likewise lived in Hanan Pacha. Uku Pacha was the space of Pachamama, the Earth mother, who is all inclusive to Andean folklores. Kanopa was the God of Pregnancy. Con-Tici Viracocha Pachayachachic, The primary god, maker of the three domains and their occupants, was likewise t he dad of Inti. Numerous old Andean people groups followed their starting points to familial gods. Numerous Ayllus could have comparative familial causes. The Inca asserted plummet from the Sun and the Moon, their Father and Mother. Numerous Ayllus asserted drop from early proto-people that rose up out of nearby locales in nature, called Pacarinas. The most punctual progenitors of the Inca were known as Ayar, the first was Manco Capac or Ayar Manco. Inca folklore recounts his movements, where he and the Ayar formed and denoted the land and presented the development of maize. An unmistakable topic in Inca folklore is the duality of the Cosmos. The domains were isolated into the upper and lower domains, the Hanan Pacha and the Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha. Hanan Pacha, the upper world, comprised of the gods of the sun, moon, stars, rainbow, and lightning. Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha were the domains of Pachamama, the earth mother, and the precursors and saints of the Inca or different Ayllus. Kay Pacha, the domain of the external earth where people dwelled, was seen as a mediator domain between Hanan Pacha and Ukhu Pacha. The domains were spoken to by the condor (upper world), panther (external earth) and snake (inward earth). Huacas were across the board around the Inca Empire. Huacas were deific substances that dwelled in normal articles, for example, mountains, rocks, streams, front lines, other gathering places, and any sort of spot that was associated with past Incan rulers. Huacas could likewise be lifeless things, for example, ceramics that were accepted to be vessels conveying gods. Otherworldly pioneers in a network would utilize supplication and contributions to speak with a Huaca for guidance or help. Human penance was a piece of Incan rituals. Priests directed penances, a basic piece of numerous customs and ceremonies. The lion's share of the penances included creatures, for example, llamas or guinea pigs. However, in the midst of catastrophe or at holy functions, a lady or a youngster may be yielded to the gods. These individuals would be given Chicha, a thick lager produced using matured corn to drink in brilliant challises while the cleric sang melodies of their righteousness before they were strangled. The collections of the relinquished were then covered in a case of fine materials and encompassed by gold and silver sculptures, sacks of corn and different contributions. The antiquated Inca picked kids as youthful as 6, yet additionally as old as 15, filled them out for a year and sent them on a penance journey (Inca Human Sacrifices). The Incan individuals thought it was a respect to kick the bucket for an offering. The Incas likewise utilized divination. They utilized it to illuminate individuals in the city regarding get-togethers, anticipate fight results, and request intercession. The Inca were a profoundly strict individuals. They expected that malicious would come whenever. Sorcerors held situations in the public eye as defenders from the spirits. They likewise had confidence in rebirth, sparing their nail clippings, hair cuttings and teeth in the event that the returning soul required them. The strict and cultural focal point of Inca life was contained in the rambling post known as Sacsahuaman. Here was found Cuzco, The Naval of the World the home of the Inca Lord and site of the hallowed Temple of the Sun. At such a spot the massive abundance of the Inca was clear with gold and silver enriching each building. The mystery of Inca riches was the Mita. This was a work program forced upon each Inca by the Inca ruler. Since it just took around 65 days every year for a family to cultivate for its own needs, the remainder of the time was given to taking a shot at Temple-possessed fields, building spans, streets, sanctuaries, and porches, or separating gold and silver from the mines. The work was controlled through head of thousands, hundreds and tens. Progenitor revere was a focal piece of Incan theology. The spirits of the dead assumed a defensive job in the lives of their descendants. The assortments of predecessors were embalmed and entombed. Often they were covered with their most valued belongings, ladies, hirelings, weapons, and trimmings notwithstanding a bounty of food and Chicha. A few gatherings of Incas set the perished on a huge cut stone where they were grieved before entombment. In certain territories, the dead were sewn into new llama-cover up and kept at their familys home. Descendants of the expired would consistently visit the burial places of their friends and family so as to bring them food and valuable goods. Mummies of dead rulers were the holiest Huacas in the empire. They were treated as though they were as yet alive: proceeding to possess the property they had when alive, eating

The novel “Frankenstein” can be seen to have been inspired by events and experiences in Mary Shelley’s own life

Mary Shelley's young age while composing the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† in 1816 appears not to be recognized with genuine beneficial experience which could impact her reality renowned work. This initial introduction ends up being incorrectly when perusing her history. We discover a ton of individual, abstract and political-philosophical variables framing her psyche. The life of the delicate lady is set apart by despondency from the earliest starting point. It isn't incomprehensible that she has conveyed some sentiment of blame in light of the fact that solitary a couple of days after she has been brought into the world her mom passes on. The appearance of the new little girl as opposed to carrying joy to the family tosses it into profound hopelessness. It is conceivable to interface this first awful occasion in Mary Shelley's existence with the musings of Frankenstein before his passing: â€Å"I, not in deed, however as a result, was the genuine killer. â€Å"(p. 90). Later after the disclosure of the assemblage of Henry Clerval, breaking down Frankenstein's unpleasant decision, we could incorporate our appearance with a similar heading. Why not expect a subliminal blame to have followed Mary Shelley for her entire life? She could feel that her stepsister probably won't have ended it all if their mom has been alive. The following catastrophe †discovering Henrietta (P. B. Shelley's better half) suffocated †could likewise be related. Mentally it's anything but a special case for a spouse relinquished by her significant other to murder herself. An almost immediate token of a potential self-allegation by the essayist is the primary individual type of the Frankenstein story: â€Å"I considered myself the killer of William, of Justine, and of Clerval† (P. 171). A comparative assortment of negative highlights could lead us towards the evil legends of Godwin's book â€Å"Caleb Williams†, 1794, (Kindle. M. The cases of Caleb about himself are extremely near those of Shelley's saint: â€Å"My offense has just been a confused thirst with; knowledge† It appears the shadow of the dead parent has frequented Mary even with no real memory of the memorial service of her dead mother. Impressions are clearly remembered for the thought for the comparable picture over the mantle-piece in Frankenstein's library which has â€Å"represented Caroline Beaufort in an anguish of hopelessness, bowing by the final resting place if her dead dad. † (p. 75). It is justifiable that Mary is intensely discouraged subsequent to losing her first child only one year before he start of the composition of â€Å"Frankenstein†. As per the notes in her Journal (Hindle M. p. xv) it has been extremely hard for her to acknowledge this passing and she has had dreams that by scouring the child before the fire it could return to life once more. Clearly such a dream is unmistakable in the entire novel, captioned â€Å"The Modern Prometheus†, being intrigued not as much by Aeschylus' adaptation of the legend as by Ovid's one. The English creator remembers for it a significant number of the dynamic thoughts of her age, particularly those originating from science. There is firm proof of Mary Shelley's generous instruction and significant enthusiasm for the most recent organic research. She is pulled in by the contemporary work of the doctor Dr. Erasmus Darwin and the scientific expert Sir Humphry Davy, similarly as Frankenstein is intrigued by an early involvement in power. The young lady has not been an alien to dynamic political life either, because of the immediate contribution of her dad in it. We could interface all the moderate assaults against him with the response towards the beast. Under the influence of the French Revolution, William Godwin shows unequivocally his skepticism, I. e. his separating from everybody. Acquiring and sharing her dad's uncommon thoughts, the girl shows her knowledge in the novel about making life conversely with the wide spread convention. The-impact of her history contemplates is changed into Frankenstein's over advanced decisions about some significant world happenings. Considering on the impedance of his research center work with his family relationship he sums up: â€Å"†¦ f no man permitted any interest at all to meddle with the quietness of his residential expressions of love, Greece had been not subjugated; Caesar would have saved his country†¦ † (P. 54). Being accomplished, Mary Shelley is presumably mindful enough of the genuine purposes behind the occasions her legend records. The motivation behind such unjustified estimation is bound to be simply the creator's intend to show Frankenstein's exorbitant self-assurance in his own scholarly potential force and the misrepresenting of the individual hugeness. His forename isn't picked inadvertently. It resembles a forecast of triumph. Shockingly we find a shrouded incongruity there. The craziness of his wants juts from the foundation of the approaching forceful Alps in the various radiant portrayals of the impressive mountain chain. It isn't sufficient to underline the harmony or logical inconsistencies between the characters' activities and the amazing normal pictures. The nearness of the magnificent Alps in the book isn't just an impact from the awe inspiring area where the novel was considered yet additionally we get the feeling that the mountain has even a free job in the story. The quiet â€Å"actor† encourages us to see more clear the stand out from the monomaniacal exhibition of the principle legend. We comprehend that the might has a place just with Nature and that no one should set out to contend with it. As such battling takes a ton of time and exertion, during the long six years Frankenstein dedicates all his consideration regarding the arranged hard trial. The analyst's immersion in the logical venture could be a suggestion to Mr. Godwin's bustling style of life. The absence of enthusiastic contact with his girl is introduced both in the letters of Frankenstein's dad and particularly in the character of the beast. His assurance to execute those dearest to Frankenstein is driven by the need to exhibit the wretchedness of being without loved ones. Notwithstanding the savagely led duel between the principle players, the creator attempts to conjure our compassion toward the horrifying looking saint. Her looking, eager soul directs the inclination towards the offbeat and shocking. Mary Shelley sets out to be in logical inconsistency even with the class she uses to compose the book. It is remarked on quickly in 1818 by Sir Walter Scott in his article presenting the new title in Scotland: â€Å"†¦ he story, however wild in occurrence, is written in plain and persuasive English, without displaying that blend of hyperbolical German with which stories of miracle are normally told, as though it were fundamental that the language ought to be as lavish as the fiction. † (Scott, W. , 1818). Mary Shelley changes the essence of the Gothic sort being propelled by Cervantes' â€Å"Don Quixote† which she peruses while composing â€Å"Frankenstein†. She follows the case of the incomparable Spanish mundane who goes to repudiating the current knight's writing precisely as Shelley accomplishes a one of a kind Gothic tale. Cervantes' impact isn't just fair and square of inspiration yet in addition howdy introducing of the principle legends. While both want to help others they bring them only wretchedness. The scene with the perishing Frankenstein on Walton's boat helps us seriously to remember the distraught addresses of Don Quixote. Both saints attempt to pollute with their ludicrous thoughts the individuals encompassing them †Sancho Panza and different workers or the sailors who want to proceed with their excursion back home. The distinctive highlights of Mary Shelley's introduction on the artistic scene are generally examined. Her commitment to the advancement of English is additionally seen by different pundits. Much the same as her folks she isn't hesitant to think and act in an unexpected way. The â€Å"excellence of language and impossible to miss interest† dazzles the pundit for The Belle Assemblee who says: â€Å"This work†¦ has just as inventiveness and a simple vivacious style†¦ â€Å". Indeed, even the present perusers, whose feelings are frequently founded on broad communications creations, are wonderfully amazed by the magnificent way of composing. In spite of the desire for finding an account of awfulness and bad dreams, the plot is immersed with melodious preoccupations. These show up because of the immediate delicate impacts of both family and close friend network. Among the peers Mary Shelley peruses with genuine energy sentimental artists. Her creative mind is distracted by the Coleridge's â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† whose thoughts she places in the brains of both saints †Dr Frankenstein and Captain Walton. Both are fixated by the cadence of the sonnet and statement from it to depict their own condition or assurance. This carries extra appeal to the grasping story. Perusing almost any refrain from the â€Å"Ancient Mariner† we can visualize the captivating intensity of the epic over the youthful author. Its lifting sound is incredibly topical soon after the hour of the French Revolution: * Alone, alone, all, isolated, Alone on a wide ocean! Also, never a holy person showed compassion for My spirit in distress. The spread out similar sounding word usage grows the limits of the incomprehensible sea as ajnetaphor of opportunity and autonomy. Comparable emotions have excited Mary Shelley while perusing â€Å"Emil† by Jean Jacques Rousseau. It energizes the thoughts of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - the incitement for the furnished insurgence and the emphasis on human rights through the character of the beast. Rousseau's thoughts expounded by Godwin in his â€Å"Political Justice† are the best clarification for the changing of the animal into a miscreant because of treatment by society. A great deal of different authors and their books have added to framing the perspectives which Mary Shelley passed on in her arresting novel. At all is the effect on â€Å"Frankenstein† one is undoubted †the begrudged ability of Mary Shelley to join all her insight, instinctive capaciti

Counselling Methods 1 - Assessment Task 2 Example

Counselling Methods 1 - Assessment Task 2 Example Counselling Methods 1 - Assessment Task 2 â€" Case Study Example > Life is a series of challenges which helps people to develop; each stage in life presents people with a challenge to face and a lesson to learn. Failing to overcome any challenge in one stage of life dearly affects one in the next stage or later stages of life as the person would have missed out on an important lesson. The way people react to situations is highly linked to their personality. Very many theories were invented as an explanation of people’s behavior. These theories include the Trait, Psychodynamic, Phenomenological, Behavioral and Social cognition among others. This paper is discussing case study from a psychodynamic and a cognitive-behavioral position. (Freud, 1923)The case study is about a client who is aged thirty seven, married with two children. They are separated and currently entering a divorce process. The client tries to relate problems that he is facing in his marriage to his upbringing. He was brought up by very strict parents who did not listen to him. H e was obliged to obey and this resulted in him living two lives. He describes them as being both a saint and a sinner. In this case he only did what was right in the presence of his parents but did many wrong things whenever his parents were not in the vicinity. Research reveals that psychodynamics is the study of human behavior in relation to drives and motivation. This also largely depends on emotion that is based on an individual’s personality. This theory concurs that a person’s reaction at a specific time are due to the existing interaction between his or her genetic constitution, unconscious or conscious mind and the environment that are around. In the case study, the client’s genetic constitution together with the interaction of his unconscious mind and his environment played a big role in shaping his behavior. Psychodynamics in medical practice is referred to as a study that is systematized and a theory that shows how psychological aspects affect human behavior. It i s actually the study of the interrelationship of the diverse parts of personality, mind or the psyche and how they recount to the emotional, mental and motivational forces. (Freud, 1923)According to Freud, the energy in the psychological component of a person’s brain is normally constant. He says that the emotional changes just exist in the form of displacements. All these he says, tend to rest during discharge. Psychodynamics is also sometimes defined as a study of energy, motives and forces that are created by human needs that are quite deep in nature. (Freud, 1923)Psychodynamics is also referred to as psychology that is dynamic. It is actually the study of the interrelationship of the diverse parts of personality, mind or the psyche and how they recount to the emotional, mental and motivational forces. This mostly occurs at the unconscious level. These mental forces in most cases are divided into two parts. One of them is the emotional force interaction while the other one de als with inner forces that affect various behaviors.

Essay on Descartes Meditations - 1153 Words

Descartes Meditations The way Descartes chose to write this piece literature captivated me. Descartes was a very intelligent man who wanted to make sense of the world he lived in. The format he used was unusual. It seems to me that he may have used this format, which is a replication of the book of Genesis in the Bible, to have a deeper and more profound impact on the reader. There are many similarities between Descartes Meditations and the first book of the Bible, Genesis. For example, Descartes Meditations was written one day at a time, just as God had created the world one day at a time. Furthermore, the order Descartes daily writings took resembled the same order the Bible had for the creation of the world.†¦show more content†¦The issue of our physical bodies can be argued in day seven of Gods creation, when He created man in His own image. Meditation Two in Meditations discusses the nature of the human mind. According to the Bible, on the second day of creation, God made the firmamen t, and divided the waters from the waters. God called the firmament Heaven. (Bible Gen. 1:6) Descartes demonstrates his belief that the mind is free. This meditation is my favorite. In the beginning of it, Descartes seems so confused and lost. He questions every little thing around him and within himself. I recall a time in my own life when I felt like that. It was scary when I read this, for it brought back some very terrible memories of my time going through menopause! I, too, had questioned some of the exact same things he was questioning. My doctor informed me that I had a chemical imbalance in my brain due to the lack of estrogen my body was used to. Given my own personal experience, I see Descartes meditation in two ways. Perhaps Descartes also had some mental disorders, or else my doctor was wrong and I had reason to feel the way I felt. Perhaps the lack of estrogen in my system made me see things more clearly. I seriously doubt the latter explanation. However, i n this meditation, Descartes is separating the mind from the brain, just as God had separated the waters and sky, and created Heaven. I think this meditation was, in almost every way, similar to day two in Genesis.Show MoreRelated The Meditations by Rene Descartes1003 Words   |  5 PagesIn Descartes’ Meditations, his goal to prove the existence of things could only be accomplished if he was logical, clear, and correct in his thoughts and writings. The most important issues he noted were the threat of being deceived and the potential of being incorrect in his judgments, both of which would lead him into error. Error exists as a problem that individuals encounter on a regular basis, and it also exists as a focal point in Descartes’ Meditations. 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The Immigration Of The United States - 1215 Words

â€Å"Give me your tried, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free†¦Send these†¦the homeless†¦ I lift my lamp beside the golden door.† Large number of immigrants came to the United States during the late 1800’s and the early1900 s. Many European immigrants entered the United States through the processing Center Ellis Island, while the Chinese immigrants entered the United States through Angel Island. The immigrants went through many medical and oral exams before they were allowed to enter the country. Today the United States allows immigrants into the country as long as they go through a legal process to become a citizen. But I knocked at the door and found â€Å" the Western style buildings are lofty: but I have not the luck to live in them. How was anyone to know that my dwelling place would be a prison?† Has the United States government been fair to immigrants throughout history and should the United States government place stricter limits on the amount of immigrants that come into the United States? Most European immigrants left their homeland to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or to find opportunities denied them at home. Immigrant workers were over-represented in skilled trades, mining and as peddlers, merchants and laborers in urban areas. They brought their customs, which helped develop American culture that created the positive image of immigrants in American minds through the arts. In the mid 1800s,Show MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. 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Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. O pening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

The Troubled American Education System Free Essays

In an enlightening article by writer April Shenandoah, on March 20, 2002, the reality that Americas’ education system is in real trouble becomes clearly evident. The writer feels that when a child in America attends school, he is, in fact, more at risk than if he did not attempt to attend. This is because, of late, it has become obvious that most negative influences that children are faced with are being increasingly found in the public schools that they attend, and it is during the past few decades that the situation has worsened even further. We will write a custom essay sample on The Troubled American Education System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a simple comparison between the situation in public schools today and that during the 1940’s, it is indeed amazing that punishments were given for ‘offences’ such as, for example, running in the corridor, chewing gum, talking in the class, and at times, unfinished homework, whereas today the top offences are drunkenness, drug abuse, assault, rape, and many other similar crimes, including murder. (Shenandoah, 2002) What has made the system even worse is that not only does the child have to cope with drugs and the immorality that is generally associated with them, but he would also be forced to study in the ‘second rate’ education system of today. This is evident in the fact that from the year 1963 onwards, the scores for the ‘Scholastic Aptitude Tests’ have been constantly dropping. This has developed into yet another problem, and this is that since the grade have been dropping, students are not able to cope with the existing syllabus, and today, newer textbooks have to be written for students at a lower grade level, so that they may cope better. It is the truth that today’s newspapers and magazines are written for people at about a sixth grade level, and this is the standard of the average American citizen. What is even worse is the fact that many students are not at all aware of how little they are actually learning, and when they apply for University education elsewhere, it is then that they are forced to accept the fact that they have not received a good and solid education. (Shenandoah, 2002) An extract from a speech made in the Senate on January 23, 1990, shows that the author believes that the American education system is in deep trouble. One reason for this may be that everyone, politicians, educators, and numerous others who are involved in the system seem to have forgotten one important aspect of public education: the child. No one really seems to care for the child; more concern is being shown towards racial balance, effective teaching methods, an improvement of the curriculum, and so on and so forth, but the student, the child has become lost is all this. For example, in a school in North Carolina, importance is given to ‘racial balance’, wherein school children belonging to all types of races are put into the bus two hours before the start of school, and dropped off an hour before school is supposed to begin, and the children are quite worn out and tired even before school has started. (American Education in Trouble) In a similar manner, teachers are being trained into becoming more ‘effective’ teachers, and this would entail that they follow a set pattern of behaviors within the classroom so that they may be able to secure a better score with the administration. What about the children? Who cares about them? They are not allowed to interrupt, or even to become involved with the lesson being taught, because this may interfere with the ‘mandated’ behaviors that the effective teacher is set to follow, and lower his rating. Today, most states are becoming aware of the fact that this system is doing absolutely no good for the children, and are therefore trying to eliminate it. Another is the ‘merit pay’ system. This may be a credible concept and linked to the evaluation of teachers, but the problem here is that even today, the evaluation is carried out under the ‘effective teacher’ plan and not under the merit pay system, and therefore, this is not at all valid. The textbook system in public education in America today has, in fact, become more of an ‘absurdity’ than anything else. Textbooks today are not only becoming more and more expensive, but the content of the textbooks is also going down in its standard. Today, it is a fact that more and more textbooks are being written by the so called ‘experts’ in the field, and the curriculum as such is dictated by either the current educational ‘fad’ of the time, or by the special interests that the expert may have in the entire episode. It must be remembered that almost all educational fads last for a maximum period of ten years, and it is a sad fact indeed that by the time the teacher becomes accustomed to the content and the information contained within the textbooks, they have already become obsolete, and it is time to change them yet again. In addition, it is a fact that the textbook industry is a huge and lucrative one, and all the smaller schools and the smaller states find that they are completely at the mercy of the textbook selectors in the states, where they are the largest spenders. One example is the influence that a large state like California has had on the textbook industry. In recent times, California had rejected all the science textbooks because it felt that the subject matter of evolution had not been given enough importance and the information was much too scanty, and today, all science textbooks are full of assertions that want to prove that the unproven theory of evolution is indeed a fact. At the same time, religion was banished from textbooks, especially during the 1980’s, because of the separation of the church and the state and the controversy surrounding the issue. Teachers are also scapegoats in the education system in America, for who really cares for them? At the outset, they are extremely overworked, in fact, more than any other worker. They are forgotten too, just like their students, in the long run. At the same time, they are expected to care for the forgotten students, and they are also expected to teach more and more, despite the fact that they are not given more and more time in which to teach. Neither extra time nor money would be able to solve all these problems. And teachers may be asked to teach the basics of mathematics, English, science, a foreign language, and social studies instead. They must also be asked to teach those children who are well rested and well fed, and not exhausted after long bus rides and longer waits in the cafeteria. They may be evaluated by those persons who have a valid teaching certificate in their possession, and who have been active in the classroom for at least a minimum period of one year. In addition, if they were not given any extra duties, and if the administration was willing to share in any extra duties, then the teacher would be able to fare much better in the classroom, and care for her children in a way never done before. It is the opinion of Michael L Berger in his book entitled ‘The Public Education System’ that there are six important controversies that generally appear in American public education systems, and these are: the budget that has been allocated for the educational system, the various auxiliary services that are needed, the facilities and the equipment needed in schools, the basic curriculum of education, the various personnel involved in teaching, and finally, the administrative rules and regulations that have to be followed by the schools. In the book ‘Critical Social Issues in American Education: Democracy and Meaning in a Globalizing World’, the authors feel that it is the various interrelationships between different educational institutions, public education in particular, that is very important in the American public education system. Public education is in general, subject to a vast number of influences, like for example, community pressure, and community concerns. Schools also tend to interact with other schools, and therefore, leave an impact on each other; in other words, it can be said that there is a wide interaction between various aspects of the educational system, and when cultural and religious and other beliefs interact with budgetary concerns, and demographic concerns as well as politics and ideological debates come into the picture, the educational system has to keep all these considerations in mind so that it may be a good and an effective one. It is when it does not happen that the educational system suffers a setback. (Purpel; Shapiro, 2004) It must be remembered, however, that teachers are a very important part of the public education system anywhere in the world, and especially in the United States of America, and when taken from an economic point of view, it is the so-called ‘teacher unions’ that are not only producers of representative services, but are also consumers of such representative services in the educational system. From the time when unionization took place for teachers, during the 1960’s, the National Educational Association’ and the ‘American Federation of Teachers’ have been monopolizing the market in terms of representative services. This type of monopoly does indeed have its adverse effects, and these are that the costs have skyrocketed, and at the same time, the service has become vastly inferior to what it was before. (Leiberman, 2003). Finding the best possible schooling for a child in the present circumstances has indeed become an uphill task today, especially for minorities, like African- American children. Perhaps this may be because of the large number of options available to children today, what with the educational system being bombarded by ‘magnet programs’, charter schools’, and manifold other public school options. Parents today have to be choosier than ever before, and at times, this can very well be overwhelming. (Lord, 2005) Recently, when two important economists were asked the question about what was America’s greatest challenge today, the reply was that it was the education system. The problems can be seen as being from both outside and also from within the school and perhaps one of the most important reasons is the breakdown of the ‘family unit’. As parents today find less time to spend with their children, the school is expected to compensate. In addition, the decline of values in society is a major contributing factor, and this leads to a lack of basic discipline, a lack of attention, and so on. Another important factor is the worsening health of American children, and while some are exhausted and tired, some more are hungry, and some others are diagnosed with learning disabilities of some kind. The teaching system is also at fault, because children are forced to learn according to the teacher’s convenience and not to theirs’. The lack of emphasis on spiritual development can also be taken as a major factor contributing to the lackluster American public education system, and along with various other factors, this can become a major drawback. What can be done to change the educational system? Redesigning the public education system is a daunting task, but it must be undertaken for the betterment of American children and eventually the society. Long standing practices have to be reconsidered, high quality learning opportunities must be provided to American children even before kindergarten, and perhaps the existing method of promoting a child from one class to the next can be eliminated so that children may be allowed to learn and to progress at their own pace. More teachers must be brought in, and the quality of teaching must be improved. If at least some of these measures were to be adopted for a start, then changes can indeed be brought in to the declining public education system in the United States of America (Guillory, 2001). How to cite The Troubled American Education System, Papers

Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm Essay Example

Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm Essay Probation may be defined as a service unit that deals with the carrying out of punishments that may be efficient and cost-effective, cheap and non-custodial for a criminal offender.   The crimes committed by these offenders however may not fit for the required imposition of custodial options that are more expensive and of higher level.   Probation can also be viewed as a sentencing disposition in which it mostly deals with offenders who are specifically selected and the costs that apply to suspension when the offender is under close individual monitoring while being given individual guidance (Vanstone, 2004 p. 32-35).   Due to the limited rights issued to offenders available in the probation service, it is able to acquire a high status. It is also a system which may be public or private that plays the role of administering certain services that should be delivered hence considering as a subsystem of the wider criminal system. Probation also incorporates quite a number of operat ional activities that includes supervisory services as well as investigatory services. Therefore, probation deals with socio-pedagogic position which consists of assistance and supervision services which also applies a ‘no free’ system to criminal offenders who have been identified according to their personality as regards crime, form of crime as well as their receptiveness. This is in relation to a specific system which should be able to provide the criminal offender a second chance of changing the way they perceive life in the society and also enable them to occupy a position of posing any risk of violating the existing accepted social norms of the society (Mair, 2004 p. 57-64). As a custodian of alternative measure, probation should spell out clearly defined regulation rules and acts, the right criteria that will be applied in the identification of individuals to be placed under probation based on the nature of the crime committed, their age and other exclusionary criteria that include responsibilities and concomitant rights of the probationer. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The probation officers or practitioners on the other hand have mainly been associated with the responsibility of reforming, remolding, restructuring and remaking the offenders’ lives so that they can become honest, law-abiding and good citizens. This process of transforming offenders takes place under various programs, rules and regulations that are available at various probation service centers available in different countries. All these aimed at benefiting both the criminal offenders and the society at large and it is also aimed at reducing the number of crimes that are often committed in these communities. Therefore, these probation practitioners play the vital role of bringing peace and harmony in the community as well as to the lives of the criminal offenders hence leading to a stable and peaceful working and living environment among the people of a country (Winstone Pokes, 2005 p. 19-24). The main role that probation plays is the reduction of the effect of crime and incidences that are committed in the community by probationers.   It also offers service such as investigations and reports to the court, development of the appropriate dispositions for the court that deals with adult offenders as well as juvenile delinquents and the supervision of the people under probation. Knowledge The department of probation also offers a wide range of services that is not limited but involves prevention of delinquency as well as crime.   Internal programs that are voluntary and programs for victim restitution. The probation service in addition has a mission that aims at protecting the interest of the public and safety through the reduction of crime and incidences by probationers.   This is mainly achieved through assistance in decision making made by courts by offering a probation report as well as reinforcing orders made by the court.   This is also done through the provision of essential services that will be able to transform the criminal offenders into law-abiding citizens, cooperating and establishing activities and programs that will help in the prevention of delinquency and crime and lastly enhancement of individualized and fair justice by the administration as regards the criminal offenders. Skills There are various beliefs upon which probation is premised upon.   The first belief is that society has got all the rights to be protected against any harm that may be caused and it does not matter whatever the causes for such harm.   Every citizen according to this belief has the right to be out of fear of harm that may be committed against them or their property hence this belief calls for the necessitation of law and order and this calls for the commitment in supporting this responsibility.   It is the probation facility that accepts to handle this responsibility in that it regards itself as a tool that necessitates the treatment and control to a portion of criminal offenders.   The stability and strength of its efforts is however derived from the law. The other belief is that the offenders deserve the right of protection and this applies freedom and democracy that enables the individualized and fair law processing as regards the sentencing and adjudication of offenders.   The victims of crime have also get the right to be protected.   Probation in its humanitarian tradition advances that it is the criminal justice system that is solely faced with the responsibilities of persecuting the offenders.   In case of the occurrence of a crime, the victims may encounter emotional problems and property loss.   Hence, it is the probation that is faced with the responsibility of advocating for the interests and needs of these victims who have been faced with crime. Another belief is that human beings can change.   It is the belief that human beings are capable of change that mostly make the probation practitioners to be fully committed integrating of the criminal offenders into wider society so that they can be able to   lead their lives according to the acceptable norms.   The acceptance and recognition of the principle of personal responsibility forms the basis for the change of behaviour that is constructive.   This is done by offering probation services which focus on the identification and availing programs and services that will provide an opportunity for the offenders to become law-abiding and responsible citizens. The other belief is that the ability and willingness to benefit from the alternative programs or measures that are designed to lead to law-abiding citizens vary from one individual to another and this is recognized by probation officers or practitioners.   The individual experience and history are the means that are used to access the present offense as well as the degree of risk that is posed to the community including the potential level of change that an individual displays.   In order to protect society and promote behaviours abiding by the law, the intervention that is conducted into the life of an individual should be at the minimum which means that it should be upto the level which is necessary.   The criminal justice system should however be terminated in cases whereby the intervention is appears to be unwarranted.   In cases whereby the intervention is directed to a separate agency which could be outside the system, this then requires that the offender should be dire cted to that other agency. In addition the law philosophy concerning probation does not approve of the ideology of retributive punishment.   This is because the corrective measure of punishment is used and supported   only in   those instances whereby it is felt that the aversive measures could possible cater the behaviour of the offenders positively whereas other measures may not do so.   However, these corrective punishments need to be applied judiciously and  Ã‚   cautiously because of its unpredictable behaviour that is highly dynamic.   A community’s conditional sentence is also recognized as a punishment.   This is because it is less drastic as well as harsh as compared with a prison term.   However it is more punitive and controlling compared with release without supervision.  Ã‚   Concerning incarceration, it should only be imposed when necessary since it may be destructive to the society’s right to offenders who pose danger to public because they have rejected court or social mandates (Farrall, 2002 p. 45-52).   In emphasizing the impact of the criminal behaviour, the incarceration program could be regarded as an appropriate tool hence establishes a constructive behaviour change.   It is therefore essential that institutions adhere to the required standards and they should also be humane.   Lastly, community correctional programs should be in a position to best serve the community in cases whereby there is lack of compromise concerning the public safety.   It is also essential that majority of the offenders be provided with services that are within the community whereby they will be expected to clearly demonstrate their acceptable behaviors (Rush, 2001 p. 46-49). Theory Since community correctional programs are generally cost – effective, they enable criminal offenders to stay in touch with their families while at the same time pay taxes and also reinstitution of offenders, comprehending the issue that concerns justice for the wrong doing by criminal offenders and at the same time placing these offenders within the social context to enable them fit within the society.   Probation practitioners are also charged with the responsibility of providing necessary information to the courts and this is done on the client’s best interest and also issues the court with information, recommendations and assistance which relates to the attitude change, rehabilitation as well as behavioural change.   This is done with the aim of assisting the courts in decisions concerning sentencing and any review that needs to be made (Nandi Bogue 2003 p. 56-64). High-risk offenders on the other hand are those people in the community who present potential harm to the public at a high degree.   They are potentially capable or may have committed offenses such as violent offenses as well as sexual harassment or offence.   Some of these risk- offenders may have in the past committed an offence and are again capable of doing it against whereas others pose a threat to the public Dillingham, Montgomery Tabor 1990 p. 56-60). Research The high-risk offenders are quite a complex and difficult group to handle since they poses a wide range of behaviours that include offenses hence controlling and monitoring them sufficiently becomes difficult and this also includes enforcing the legal restrictions that are placed on them by the probation service.   These high-risk offenders that are placed on probation committed all sorts of offenses  Ã‚   ranging from murder to sexual harassment and violence.   They are dangerous to the entire public and hence they need certain corrective measures that could be helpful in order to assist them be part and parcel of the social system hence abiding by the societal norms and laws.   Probation institutions have in the part applied a range of structural and technological methods to be able to achieve the aim of monitoring and supervising criminal offenders who pose harm to the entire society.   This therefore calls for the probation centers to provide essential skills and resour ces to be able to address the problem emotional and social deficits that make them present harm to people (Berman and Bergman, 2006 p. 15-18). Probation practitioners in the probation service often face the risk of working with criminal offenders who present high risk of harm to them and the society.   Probation and parole officers often come across situations that concern personal danger and threat because of the increased numbers of violence, high-risk offenders and also those offenders that are sexually aggressive who most of the times live in  Ã‚  Ã‚   the most hostile   and dangerous neighbourhoods.   These practitioners also face dangerous weapons, gang-related crime as well as substance abuse by these criminal offenders (Clear, 1985 p. 45-51).   Various jurisdictions in the United States more so the federal system have increasingly played the role of allowing practitioners in the probation personnel defense sprays, firearms and impact weapons so as to prevent any harm or threat from these criminal offenders.   However, in various parts such as North America, such supplements for defense have not been made available to these practitioners although they have frequently been asking for them especially in the surveillance and supervision service ageneses have been advocating for various on-going training   as well as orientation programs that is linked to officer safety, awareness of threats, self-defense as well as programs that concern employee assistance that could effectively deal with issues concerning workplace safety and those other issues that relate to co-worker violence and harassment (McAnany    Fogel 2001p.14-28).   These criminal offenders present a wide range of risks and targets namely they could be sex offenders who have a long history of hostage taking, infatuation and forced confinement with the other officers who are of the opposite sex. They could also be mentally ill offenders who present harm and threat to the probation practitioners.   They could also be mentally ill offenders who present harm and threat to the probation practitioners.   These offenders may also be under the influence of drugs that alter the functioning their minds as well as alcohol.   In addition, these offenders may be under the threat of suspension, arrest or revocation (Cohen, Neil, 1999 p. 21-17). The clients and families of these probation officers could be experiencing a crisis of violence from these criminal offenders.   The most common risk   factors that are displayed by these criminal offenders include precious   behaviours that they demonstrate, alienation, deteriorating behaviour, threats as well as marital and employment situations, deteriorating mental condition which is accompanied by substance abuse (Burnett, 2000 p. 12-14). Probation practitioners therefore need essential skills that are necessary to prevent them from any necessary harm or threat that may be presented to them by the criminal offenders who pose a risk to their lives since they are in constant contact with them at their workplaces.   These practitioners, need to protect themselves and hence they need procedural safeguards that include logging in case records, policies and procedures that will be able to train these practitioners and security awareness, safety of the officers, self-defense and communication skills.   This therefore means that practitioners at the probation service need to be trained on both communication skills and other safety rules that concerns the handling of these offenders as well as safeguarding their daily lives at workplace.   The probation practitioners also need the skills that will enable them to develop security threats that concern â€Å"red of lags† (Branham, Lynn 1998, p.   54-56). Practitioners also need to inform other officers of their whereabouts by letting people to know where they intend to go and expected time of return.   This is helpful in dealing with any personal threats accompanied by assistance provided for enforcement of the law, temporary relocation and protection should be provided to these practitioners as well as debriefing of any critical incident stress.   The practitioners at the probation service also need to be trained on programs that entail victim assistance and employee assistance so that they are not in a position to be constantly involved in conflicts with these offenders while working with them.   In order to reduce threats some situational preventive measures as well as threat reduction services need to be applied (Colin, Burnett, 2004 p. 67-69). The officer needs to be careful with the way he communicates with the criminal offenders.   If the officer believes that offender poses a threat to them, they should not make any unaccompanied visits to the offender’s house for any interviews and if the interview has to go on, they should ensure that there is a high visibility of staff in such situations (Carlson Parks, 1979 p. 15-18). In conclusion, practitioners at the probation service need essential skills that will be of help to them when it comes to handling of issues that relate to criminal offenders who pose a great risk to them especially at work place.   They should be able to have training skills which is essential needed for improving their interpersonal offenders as a means of communication.   They also need to be trained so as to increase the self-effectiveness regarding their job and communication with these offenders. Management skills are also essential for these practitioners management also relates to the way the criminal offenders are handled.   Good management skills entails knowing the needs of both the officers and the criminal offenders so as there exists no conflict of interest.   Just like any other organizations worldwide, probation service centers needs to have rules and regulations that directs its daily activities as concerns the welfare of offenders among other things.   The organization needs to be accountable in all its activities so as to effectively manage the welfare of the society and those of the offenders (Beaumont, 1995 p.20-24). Leadership skills are also essential for probation officers.   Good leadership skills result to good management in the organization.   Probation service centers need to have good leaders so as to be able to reinforce the required rules and obligations hence achieving the objectives of the organization (Gibbs, 1997 p. 23-24). Conclusion Leadership skills are essentials since it helps to bring forth the offenders who are incapable of change by strictly reinforcing the required standards that are needed in handling them.  Ã‚   The above mentioned skills are very important in as far achieving an effective justice department is concerned. A good understanding of probationary knowledge is therefore an asset to staff serving in the profession.