Implications of the Sahelanthropus Tchadensis (Toumai) Discovery Essay

Implications of the Sahelanthropus Tchadensis (Toumai) DiscoveryComp bed to the complete history of life on ground, humankind history is relatively brief. The earth is billions of years old and living organisms probably appeared some two to four billion years ago. Many different kinds of animals have been inhabiting the earth for hundreds of one million millions of years. Early hominids which are human like creatures are thought to have originated just 5 million years ago and modern humans around 100,000 years ago. there have been a recent discovery that is now challenging the appearance of the early hominids.In the country of Chad which is located in central Africa scientists have recently made a discovery of a hominid skull. This skull was dated back to between 6 and 7 million years ago. The discovery was led by anthropologist Michel Brunet from the University of Poitiers in France. The find was named Sahelanthropus tchadensis and is nicknamed Toumai which means hope of life i n an African language. The fossil find is an almost complete skull, some teeth, and a few fragments of the lower jaw. (Bower 2002)This fossil find is completely surprising and amazing. The remains that were found represent the earliest known member in the line of human evolution. This find could be the beginning of many which could completely change our current ideas of human evolution. This pushes back the dates of human history by 2 million years. If Toumai is rightfully a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees this makes the molecular clock theory wrong. The molecular clock dates the divergence of humans and chimpanzees somewhere around 5 million years ago while the Toumai discovery suggests that is was 6 to 7 million years ago. (Bower 2002)Homini... ...of the same kind. This is only one very small link in the massive chain of human origin. Scientists need to continue to search the globe and make more new discoveries to further challenge the norm and uncover the faithfulnes s of our history.SourcesBower, Bruce. Evolutions surprise fossil find uproots our early ancestors. Science news 13 July 2002 vol. 162, No. 2, P. 19. 4 April 2004 www.sciencenews.org Brunet, Michel. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. reputation 418, 145-151. 11 July 2002. 4 April 2002www.ezproxy.ithaca.edu Paoli, Laurence. Toumai Shaking our conceptions on the earliest steps of Hominid history. Science In Africa August 2002. 5 April 2004 www.scienceinafrica.com Whitfield, John. Oldest member of the human family found. Nature News Service/Macmillan Magazines 11 July 2002. 4 April 2004 www.nature.com

Is There More Than One Message in an Ad? :: essays research papers

Is There More Than One Message In an Ad?The personal ads can reveal a message about the author that is not intended to be launch in the ad through ink. To rule this type of in familyation you have to look a little deeper to bring forth these kind of messages. The author might not mean to, but in the form of their writing they send out bits of personal information that is not intended to be noticed. As in the ad of Woman Seeking Man, I find that the woman has been hurt in the past and that is why she is being a little mysterious and vague in her ad.The woman in the ad crosses me to be hurt. It seems that maybe in some past relationships things might not have gone her way and she ended up with the short end of the stick. She lists so many a(prenominal) qualities that the perfect man could have it seems as if she is talking from things she learned from bad past experiences. For instance, she states that the man cannot have any dependents or baggage from the past. As if in her last relationship, her mate might have been dealing with an ex-girlfriend or wife. It might have even ruined her relationship to the point to where she does not want the jest at to even be associated with an ex. She might be talking about children that the man might be committed to. She acts though as if the only children that she wants in her relationships argon the ones that belong to her and her p artificener. She might be trying to suggest that she already have children that she is having to deal with and she does not want anymore to have to handle. She also puts a one-man(prenominal) man at the beginning of the sentence that follows that sentence that takes up most of the article. As if to apply emphasis to it so that the guy gets the picture that she does not put up with a man that cheats or is a little to friendly with the ladies like a flirt. She could be emphasizing one-woman man because she has dealt with a bearded darnel before and it has ruined a relationship or two in the past. She also keeps referring to the man needing good manners. She states that he should be well-mannered, mature, expert in the art of courtship, and always puts the toilet seat down, but she spreads them through out the passage so that the reader does not forget the point.

Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay

Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle The following is issued as a warning from the compose Kurt Vonnegut to the reader Any one unable to understand how a useful religion can be founded on lies will not understand this intensity either(14). The latter quote is typical of Vonnegut in his usage of creating a personal narrative. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis, like many an(prenominal) of his characters, in 1922. His flavor from that point on closely resembles the lives of the people in his satirical novel Cats Cradle. Vonneguts mother committed suicide when he was twenty devil years experienced and in many of his novels the character of the mother is dead. Vonneguts lifelong pessimism clearly has its roots in his parents despairing response to the depression (Allen 2). He was captured in WWII and was present in Dresden, Germany when it was bombed and set fire to, killing 135,000 citizens. This late r became the basis for Vonneguts greatest succeeder Slaughterhouse-Five. Cats Cradle was published in 1963, and though it wasnt as heavy(a) a success as Slaughterhouse, it became widely known as contributing to the counter- coating since it does in fact question and counter almost every part of our societys cultivation (Reed). One of the largest points of our culture brought into question in Cats Cradle is religion. Vonnegut himself is a Humanist, meaning that he isnt sure of the existence of a God, but values life to a higher place all else. In his last novel Timequake, Vonnegut explains that he understands that humans need religion as something to turn to for comfort and suppo... ... Literature). Columbia, SC University of SouthCarolina Press, 1991.Broer, Lawrence R., editor. Sanity Plea schizophrenic disorder in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut (revised edition). Tuscaloosa, AL University of Alabama Press, 1994Huber, Chris . The Vonnegut Web. 14 Feb. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002http//www.duke.edu/crh4/vonnegut/Klinkowitz, Jerome. Vonnegut in Fact The Public Spokesmanship of Personal Fiction. Columbia, SC University of South Carolina Press, 1998.Reed, Peter J. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Warner Books, 1972.Vit, Marek. Marek Vits Kurt Vonnegut Corner. 4 Mar. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002http//www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/vonn.htmlVonnegut, Kurt . Cats Cradle. 1963. New York dell Publishing, 1988Vonnegut, Kurt. Mother Night. New York Fawcett, 1962.Vonnegut, Kurt. Timequake. New York Putnam, 1997 Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle EssayUnderstanding Religion Through Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle The following is issued as a warning from the author Kurt Vonnegut to the reader Any one unable to understand how a useful religion can be founded on lies will not understand this book either(14). The latter quote is typical of Vonnegut in his usage of creati ng a personal narrative. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis, like many of his characters, in 1922. His life from that point on closely resembles the lives of the people in his satirical novel Cats Cradle. Vonneguts mother committed suicide when he was twenty two years old and in many of his novels the character of the mother is dead. Vonneguts lifelong pessimism clearly has its roots in his parents despairing response to the depression (Allen 2). He was captured in WWII and was present in Dresden, Germany when it was bombed and set fire to, killing 135,000 citizens. This later became the basis for Vonneguts greatest success Slaughterhouse-Five. Cats Cradle was published in 1963, and though it wasnt as big a success as Slaughterhouse, it became widely known as contributing to the counter-culture since it does in fact question and counter almost every part of our societys culture (Reed). One of the largest po ints of our culture brought into question in Cats Cradle is religion. Vonnegut himself is a Humanist, meaning that he isnt sure of the existence of a God, but values life above all else. In his last novel Timequake, Vonnegut explains that he understands that humans need religion as something to turn to for comfort and suppo... ... Literature). Columbia, SC University of SouthCarolina Press, 1991.Broer, Lawrence R., editor. Sanity Plea Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut (revised edition). Tuscaloosa, AL University of Alabama Press, 1994Huber, Chris. The Vonnegut Web. 14 Feb. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002http//www.duke.edu/crh4/vonnegut/Klinkowitz, Jerome. Vonnegut in Fact The Public Spokesmanship of Personal Fiction. Columbia, SC University of South Carolina Press, 1998.Reed, Peter J. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Warner Books, 1972.Vit, Marek. Marek Vits Kurt Vonnegut Corner. 4 Mar. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002http//www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/vonn.htmlVonnegut, Kurt . Cats Cradle. 1963. New York Dell Publishing, 1988Vonnegut, Kurt. Mother Night. New York Fawcett, 1962.Vonnegut, Kurt. Timequake. New York Putnam, 1997

Needing Wolves in Yellowstone :: Yellowstone National Park Wildlife Essays

Needing Wolves in YellowstoneWHY THERE HAVE BEEN NO WOLVES IN YELLOWSTONE A Brief History Around 1930, the last wolf was spotted in the Yellowstone Area by a paid hunter, he got a shot off but his aim was not true. That was the last recorded perceive of a gray wolf in the Yellowstone Park land. From 1918 to 1935 government scouts recorded cleanup spot 35 mountain lions, 2,968 coyotes and 114 wolves (Phillips 1996). Those are total numbers, since a wolf hadnt been seen since 1930, the 114 wolves had been exterminate in the first 1920s. In 1933, the Park adopted a slightly humanistic policy, taking a stance on limiting the unnecessary killing of predators in the Park, but it was too late Humanity had successfully extinguished canis lupus along with its food sources and habitat from the west (Phillips 1996). (Canis rufus is the red wolf, which has been restored to the southwest since 1987). From the 1800s with the 1930s was a time of horrific destruction in the west. Between the U nited States Government and the newly formed National Park Service, predatory animals were slaughtered continuously. Even the urge of the President of the United States could not slow this thirst for dominance and desecration. President Theodore Roosevelt wrote a letter to the Superintendent of Yellowstone imploring the army to stop the killing, yet it went on relentlessly. Times have changed. In 1972, thoughts of restoring the wolf to Yellowstone National Park, as part of its original biodiversity, began to circulate. In part, the new philosophy of wildlife management (verses wildlife destruction) came into being with the help of a man by the name of Dr. Starker Leopold, chairman of the Interior Secretarys Advisory Board. He authored a paper later to be known as the Leopold report, which stated As a primary goal, we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained, or where necessary recreated. (Phillips 1996). This document began to outline the critical areas of preservation and helped to secrete peoples thoughts from consumption to conservation. There were many others before him who tried to warn people of the loss of our wild areas, such as John Muir, Aldo Leopold (who advocated the reintroduction of the wolf to Yellowstone as early as 1944), and a significant political force, Theodore Roosevelt, but it was not until the public began to realize that the environment was in terrible shape, and was not responding well to the continuing example of rape and pillage, that support for wolf restoration started to gain momentum.

Feminism in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminism in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums At first descry John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums seems to be a story about a woman whose niche is in the garden. Upon deeper inspection the story has strong notes of feminism in the central character Elisa Allen. Elisas actions and feelings reflect her struggle as a woman purifying and failing to emasculate herself in a male dominated society. Elisa is at her strongest and most proud in the garden and becomes weak when placed in feminine positions such as discharge out to dinner with her husband. Steinbeck carefully narrates this womans frequent shifts between femininity and masculinity over a short period of time. In the first step of the story Elisa is emasculated by the description of her clothing. She wears a mans black hat pulled low d hold over her eyes, clodhopper shoes, a figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy apron (paragraph 5). When Elisas husband henry comes over and compliments her garden and ability to grow things Elisa is smug with him and very proud of her skill with the flowers. Her green thumb makes her an equal in her own eyes. When Elisas husband asks her if she would like to go to dinner her feminine side comes out. She is excited to go eat at a restaurant and states that she would untold rather go to the movies than go see the fights, she wouldnt like the fights at all (paragraph 21). Elisa is taken aback with her own submissiveness and apace becomes preoccupied with her flowers as soon as her husband leaves. When the muscae volitantes comes and asks Elisa for work to do she is stern with him and refuses him a job. She acts as a man would to other strange man and becomes irritated. When he persists in asking her she replys I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do (paragraph 46). The drifter mentions Elisas chrysanthemums and she immediately loosens up as the irritation and resistance melt(ed) from her face (paragraph 51). The drifter feigns great i nterest in Elisas chrysanthemums and asks her umteen questions about them. He tells her he knows a lady who said to him if you ever come across some nice chrysanthemums I wish youd try to get me a few seeds (paragraph 56). Elisa is overjoyed by any interest in her flowers and gives the man chrysanthemum sprouts to take to his friend.

Feminism in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminism in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums At first glance John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums seems to be a tarradiddle about a woman whose niche is in the garden. Upon deeper inspection the story has strong notes of feminism in the central character Elisa Allen. Elisas actions and feelings reflect her struggle as a woman trying and failing to emasculate herself in a male dominated society. Elisa is at her strongest and closely proud in the garden and becomes weak when placed in feminine positions such as going out to dinner with her husband. Steinbeck carefully narrates this womans frequent shifts between femininity and masculinity over a short period of time. In the opening of the story Elisa is emasculated by the comment of her clothing. She wears a mans black hat pulled low down over her eyes, clodhopper shoes, a figured print dress almost whole covered by a big corduroy apron (paragraph 5). When Elisas husband Henry comes over and compliments her garden and ability to stick things Elisa is smug with him and very proud of her skill with the flowers. Her green thumb makes her an equal in her own eyes. When Elisas husband asks her if she would like to go to dinner her feminine side comes out. She is excited to go eat at a restaurant and states that she would much rather go to the movies than go see the fights, she wouldnt like the fights at all (paragraph 21). Elisa is taken aback with her own submissiveness and quickly becomes preoccupied with her flowers as soon as her husband leaves. When the drifter comes and asks Elisa for work to do she is stern with him and refuses him a job. She acts as a man would to another strange man and becomes irritated. When he persists in postulation her she replys I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do (paragraph 46). The drifter mentions Elisas chrysanthemums and she immediately loosens up as the irritation and resistance melt(ed) from her face (paragraph 51). The drifter feigns great interest in Elisas chrysanthemums and asks her many questions about them. He tells her he knows a peeress who said to him if you ever come across some nice chrysanthemums I wish youd try to get me a few seeds (paragraph 56). Elisa is overjoy by any interest in her flowers and gives the man chrysanthemum sprouts to take to his friend.

Public Education in the Philippines Essay

Literacy rate in the Filipinos has improved a lot over the last few years- from 72 per centum in 1960 to 94 percent in 1990. This is attributed to the increase in both the number of schools built and the level of enrollment in these schools. The number of schools grew rapidly in all three levels bare(a), secondary, and tertiary. From the mid-1960s up to the previous(predicate) 1990, there was an increase of 58 percent in the elementary schools and 362 percent in the tertiary schools. For the same period, enrollment in all three levels in any case rose by 120 percent.More than 90 percent of the elementary schools and 60 percent of the secondary schools are publicly owned. However, only 28 percent of the tertiary schools are publicly owned. A big percentage of tertiary-level students enroll in and finish commerce and business management courses. Table 1 shows the distribution of courses taken, based on School Year 1990-1991. Note that the difference amid the number of enrollees in the commerce and business courses and in the engineering and technology courses may be small 29. 2 percent for commerce and business and 20. 3 percent for engineering and technology.However, the gap widens in terms of the number of graduates for the said courses. card 1 TERTIARY ENROLLMENT AND GRADUATION BY FIELD OF STUDY. SY 1990-1991 FIELD OF STUDY ENROLLMENT GRADUATION No. % No. % Arts and Sciences 196,711 14. 6 29,961 13. 6 Teacher Training & Education 242,828 18. 0 34,279 15. 5 Engineering & Technology 273,408 20. 3 32,402 14. 7 Medical and Health related Programs 176,252 13. 1 34,868 15. 8 doctor/Business Management 392,958 29. 2 79,827 36. 1 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, and Veterinary Medicine 43,458 3. 2 7,390 3. 3 Law 20,405 1. 5 2,111 1. 0 Religion / Theology 1,695 0. 1 209 0. 1 TOTAL 1,347,715 100.0 221,047 100. 0 On gender distribution, female students have very high representation in all three levels. At the elementary level, male and female students are almo st equally represented. But female enrollment exceeds that of the male at the secondary and tertiary levels . Also, boys have higher rate of failures, dropouts, and repetition in both elementary and secondary levels. Aside from the numbers presented above, which are impressive, there is also a need to look closely and settle down the following important issues 1) quality of education 2) affordability of education 3) goverment budget for education and 4) education mismatch.Quality There was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education, especially at the elementary and secondary levels. For example, the results of standard tests conducted among elementary and high school students, as well as in the National College of Entrance trial run for college students, were way below the target mean score. Affordability There is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups. For example, the socioeconomically separate students have higher dropout rates, espec ially in the elementary level.And most of the freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. Budget The Philippine nature has mandated the goverment to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education among the ASEAN countries. Mismatch There is a large proportion of mismatch between training and actual jobs. This is the major problem at the tertiary level and it is also the cause of the existence of a large group of educated out of work or underemployed.The following are some of the reforms proposed Upgrade the teachers salary scale. Teachers have been underpaid thus there is very little incentive for most of them to take up advanced trainings. Amend the current system of budgeting for education across regions, which is based on participation rates and units costs. This clearly favors the more developed regions. There is a need to provide more allocat ion to lagging regions to narrow the disparity across regions. Stop the current practice of subsidizing state universities and colleges to enhance access. This may non be the best way to promote equity.An expanded scholarship program, giving more focus and priority to the poor, maybe more equitable. Get all the leading in business and industry to become actively involved in higher education this is aimed at addressing the mismatch problem. In addition, carry out a selective admission policy, i. e. , installing mechanisms to reduce enrollment in oversubscribed courses and promoting enrollment in undersubscribed ones. Develop a rationalized apprenticeship program with heavy inputs from the private sector. Furthermore, channelise the control of technical training to industry groups which are more attuned to the needs of business and industry.

How Does Drug Influence Teenagers? Essay

Many adolescentagers get high from abusing substances which range from diverted prescription drugs to street drugs to inhalants to alcohol. Some of these teens will go on to a life of dependency, abusing increasingly dangerous substances. Some teens will have more short-lived experience, as abusing a drug or otherwise substance even one snip can be fatal. Parents and interested adults should examine the factors that lead striplings to abuse substances in an effort to prevent this risky behavior. compeer PressureThe National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that peers have a large influence on drug-abusing behavior. Many teens use drugs for the first time to avoid being stigmatized by their friends or to impress others. The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign advises that the best way for teens to avoid succumbing to peer pressure is to be hustling in advance with ideas of what they want to say. Parents can empower teens by role playing situations. The parent assumes the role of the drug-using peer and the child practices reacting to being pressured into participating in drug use.Sponsored LinksTeach English with KBTLesson plans, worksheet, and activities for ESL studentswww.KBTeachers.comGeneticsAccording to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, scientists recognize that genetic predispositions to drug abuse exist, simply they have yet to pinpoint the specific genes involved. This may have to do with a brain feel good chemical called dopamine, and a persons gene-controlled relationship with it. While one teen may try a hallucinogen one time, a teen genetically predisposed to have testision problems may desire to use it again and again as they naturally derive more pleasure from dopamine or have a dearth of it to begin with. While scientists figure all this out, parents should strongly caution teens who have might have a genetic relationship with a drug addict or alcoholic about avoiding substance abuse.FamilyGrowing up in a family that emphasizes get ting high from legal or illegal substances can suffice an adolescent to think drug use is acceptable. Mayo Clinic explains that this unhealthy family influence may be a factor in a teens initial drug experimentation. Exposure to family members who reach for a substance to cure every pain or ailment can cause a teen to do the same. Teens get many of their values from parents and other adult influences, and often mimic what they see. Its never too late to establish healthier family traditions and set a good example for teens.Thrill-seeking TendenciesTeenagers who have a tendency to seek thrills and adrenaline rushes may be at higher risk of abusing drugs due to the high quality that is achieved from early substance use. While everyone enjoys a rush of feel-good chemicals from appropriate sources, slightly(a) teens get a feeling from drugs that causes them to continue their use despite negative consequences. If a parent sees a pattern of thrill-seeking behavior in his child, he can discuss safe outlets for it versus unsafe drug use.StressSome teens, like some adults, reach for substances as an attempt to relieve stress. This can be the root of substance abuse in adolescents with underlying mental conditions such as reason anxiety disorder or social anxiety disorder. Child abusepast or currentcan create the level of stress that triggers some teens to abuse drugs. If your child seems to be under undue stress, insist on a mental health evaluation and counseling if needed.Low Self-worthA teenager with low self-worth is more likely to engage in self-abusive behaviors such as drug use. This likelihood is heightened if some of the other mentioned influencing factors are also present in a teens life. Parents can help a child find skills in which she excels to help avoid or counteract low self-worth. proneness for Performance EnhancementAccording to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, some teenagers begin using drugs as a misguided attempt to repair sports or acade mic performance. These teens often have a sense of immortality and do not feel that the drugs negative effects can wrong them. All teen athletes should be educated on the dangers of performance enhancing drugs and all students should understand that doing the best they can in their schoolwork is all that is required for their parents to be proud of them.

Problems We Face in Our Daily Lives

E & B Hassan Anjum Problem 1 Inconvenience of getting seduce in the morning Background This is a worry that every person faces, be it a kid getting ready for school or an adult going to office. Why do people strike up about it? Obviously the reason is pretty simple. It is time consuming. People want a solution that helps them to cut this time. Solutions tried (TIPS) There isnt any such(prenominal) specific product which helps people to tackle this problem. But we do have some tips regarding this situation on the internet http//www. wikihow. com/Get-Ready-in-the-Morning ttp//pargonntables. howstuffworks. com/family-matters/3-free-get-ready-school-printables-make-your-mornings-easier. html (This isnt relevant to the field but is an interesting idea for kids to learn getting ready themselves in the morning. ) http//www. wikihow. com/Get-Ready-for-School-%28for-Girls%29 realistic solution (Product) It is a wild idea but I really fancy the idea of some iron man machine look alike wh ich has all the tools and equipment ( Eg Robotics controlling hairbrush , tooth brush etc) for getting ready in the morning.Morever, we have an input device ( probably an augmented reality screen which helps us to decide what clothes to wear). And all these processes involved in getting ready are controlled by robotics. All we have to do is choose what clothes to wear and enter the machine. All the functions are performed simultaneously. Morever this machine would have the capabilities to give peerless a bath. So the 2nd problem of bathing could be integrated as well. Just a wild idea . I know it go aways a bit complicated but still a possibility.Problem 2 Sound Pollution Background Sound or noise pollution is another harsh problem that one faces in his daily life. It can be caused in many forms. Be it some construction work going on in the community, the roaring of vehicle engines in the morning, highway noise or probably some late night party going on in the neighbourhood. hoo -ha pollution has become a serious concern due to its adverse effects. Solutions that already exist http//www. youtube. com/watch? =-jevPIJmABA&feature=related This vid shows us the different materials to sound proof a room. Pretty common thing And as Janet and Josh have mentioned already http//www. audimutesoundproofing. com/ Something portable but too big to carry around. Possible solutions Sound proof remote (Press a button and it sound proofs the room) P. S , Yes this idea has been discussed and mentioned before. Other solutions such as sound proof walls, ear muffs are too mainstream. And SORRY for the delay

Charles Martin’s “Taken Up” Essay

Charles Martins Taken Up is a poem that could illustrate two realistic scenarios. This poem can be interpreted as viewing a group of mountain time lag on, meeting, and leaving with extraterrestrial beings. It could also be a personified colony of aspen trees that are awaiting the sun on a spring day. It is written in free verse that does not have a specific follow of syllables per overseas telegram. The poem consists of seven terza rima rhyming verse stanzas, which displays the authors control over the free verse form. These stanzas are pretended simply by using the rhyme scheme a a a, b b b, and so on. This poem is written in the third person narrative and chance ons the interaction between humans and aliens. It could also describe the scene of a colony of aspen trees waiting on a spring morning. The poem uses descriptive language so that one may easily construct a visual scene with their consciousness. The poem presents the use of literary devicesimagery, alliteration, meta phors, and personification are most common.The poem was written in 1978 by the American poet Charles Martin, and could maybe capture the ideals of the American popular culture at the time. The Ros thoroughly incident of 1947 gave rise to a multitude of thoughts regarding the possibilities of extraterrestrials coming to earth. On the other hand, the poem could simply be about beauty and manner as gather inn in nature. The opening lines of the poem possibly illustrate the extraterrestrial idea as well as a colony of aspen trees waiting for the sunrise on a spring morning. It beginsTired of earth, they dwindled on their hill,Watching and waiting in the moonlight untilThe aspens leaves quite curtly grew still,If we assume the poet is referring to people in this poem, these lines would illustrate a group of people dwindled, or sitting, on a hill watching upwards towards outer space.Line three, The aspens leaves quite suddenly grew still could possibly refer to the silence before some thing big happens. This type of silence can be compared to the silence a contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire? receives before knowing if he/she correctly answered the question. But if we were to assume that the poet is referring to a colony of aspen trees, then it could be read much differently. Because trees need sun to grow through photosynthesis, they might be personified in the sense that they dwindle in the moonlight while they are watching and waiting for the night to be over and the sun to rise. The third line illustrates thecalmness of a spring morning. Aspen leaves by nature easily catch the slightest breeze so this illustrates a dampen silence or calmness.The adjacent three lines continue to illustrate two ideas of extraterrestrials as well as the aspen tree colonyNo long-life quaking as the magnetic disk descended,That glowing twine of lights whose coming endedAll waiting and watching. When it landedThe first line reinforces the idea of silence or calmness b ecause the quaking refers to the leaves of an aspen tree quaking, or rocking, back and forth. The disc descended could refer to a flying saucer, which was an idea of the American popular culture of what an alien space craft might look like.It might also be the moon going down in anticipation of the sun rising, which brings the deportment giving rays of light. Line two might illustrate the coming of the sun, glowing wheel of lights, and the closure of night, whose coming ended. It could also be compared with a wheel of lights, or a UFO. The third line, All waiting and watching. When it landed could refer to people waiting and watching this UFO land. On the other hand, it could mean that this aspen colony is personified in the sense that it is waiting and watching for the rays of sunlight when it landed giving the possibility of life to the saplings in the colony.The third stanza again carries dualism in its linesThe ones within it one by one came forth,Stalking out awkwardly upon th e earth,And those who watched them were confirmed in faithThe first line could illustrate the extraterrestrials one by one getting off the UFO. The first line is followed by a descriptive line as people see them as stalking out awkwardly because it would be awkward to see something saucily from outer space that might have been proportionally dissimilar to a human. This first encounter with extraterrestrials would cause these people to be confirmed in faith. Their beliefs have now been confirmed there are extraterrestrials in the universe. The other sequestrate on these lines illustrates a view of saplings, which came forth, or sprouted one by one growing awkwardly upon the earth in all the different directions that branches grow. These new trees were growing and the rest colony was confirmed in faith by their growth. They were ensured that a new generation of life was growing among the colony.In stanzas four and fiver it seems as if the extraterrestrial idea is clearly what the p oet is referring to, but it could very well be another reference to the aspen tree colony. One must think abstractly to pull out dual meanings in the following linesMysterious voyagers from outer space,Attenuated, goldenshreds of laceSpun into seeds of the sunflowers spinning faceLight was their speech, spanning mind to mindWe come here not accept what we findCan it be your desire to leave assThe mysterious voyagers are extraterrestrials from outer space who are attenuated, or made slim, but have a huge face like that of a sunflowers spinning face. These lines help to paint a picture of what an extraterrestrial might look like. At the time, in American popular culture the thinning or attenuated physique of the alien with a huge sunflower like face was commonly used as the symbol for extraterrestrials. The golden may be descriptive of a really bright light that one may associate with extraterrestrials. Then in the next line the extraterrestrials speech was light, or low tone, which may reassure that no harm would come to those encountering this.The next two lines of the fifth stanza are written so that one may think an alien was talking about finding people whom they are not believing would unavoidableness to desire to leave behind the earth. Or, it could be that the mysterious voyagers are the rays of light beaming on the earth from outer space where the sun is. The goldenshreds of lace is descriptive of the golden rays of life giving light that the sun produces. The rays are golden in color and as beautiful as lace. The rays of light allow the seeds to grow into the saplings of the aspen colony. The suns light that was spanning from mind to mind could illustrate personification in that the light was spanning from sapling to sapling, or seed to seed, giving each the necessary fuel for growth. The last two lines are lines of questioning. Do the saplings really want to leave behind the earth from where they began?The next stanza again questions both the colon y of aspens as well as the people desiring to leave with the extraterrestrialsThe earth, which those called angels bless,Exchaning bountifulness for emptiness?And in a single voice they answered Yes,The line exchanging amplitude for emptiness could suggest the question of why would these humans leave this earth extensive of everything they need for life for a life in the emptiness of outer space? Likewise, these lines could be asking a question to the aspen saplings. Do the saplings really want toleave the amplitude of the earthly body for the emptiness of the air above ground?Both parties answered Yes states that the people want to leave earth as well as the saplings wanting to grow from the earth and in a sense leave it as well. It is almost as sustenance is being taken from both people and the colony. People do not survive well for long in an environment without oxygen, such as outer space. Likewise, aspen trees only live for a short amount of time above ground (40-150 years) w hile there root system in the earth can survive for far longer (up to 80,000 years). (Wikipedia)The final stanza of this poem finishes off the dualism seen throughout the poemDiscord of human melodies all blentTo the unearthly line of merchandise of their assent.Come then, the Strangers said, and those that were taken, went.The first line refers to a discord, or protestment among human beings whether or not to make the decision to take the assent into space. The extraterrestrials tell those who decide to go to come then and those who did not disagree with them went. On the other hand, the saplings are in strain of their assent meaning that gravity is working against the samplings that are stalking out awkwardly causing strain on their assent higher and higher into the emptiness of the air. The saplings want to continue this growth and the strangers can be compared to the sunlight that allow for growth to happen. The strangers supplied the saplings with the sunlight necessitate to be taken into the air.This poem can definitely been seen as a parallel between a human existence, and a non-human existence such as an aspen colony. How would a sapling or tree act to the sun flooding its life giving rays of light upon the earth each day? How would a person react to a UFO filled with extraterrestrials wanting to take you take you with them to outer space? Are such reactions natural on both parts? Does a sapling decide whether to become a tree and leave the ground from which it was once buried and only a seed?Likewise, does the human decide whether to leave its earthly home in search of the exploration of extraterrestrial life? These questions cannot be answered by the poem, but they do give rise to the idea of decision making. sometimes inlife you are presented with issues that require decisions, and sometimes the decisions have already been made for you. The important thing is that once a decision is made, whether by you, or someone else, that you represent your decision personally, and learn from it if the results do not turn out the way you expected.ReferencesMason, David. Western Wind. New York Mcgraw-Hill, 2006.Wikipedia. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen Retrieved on 10-07-2007. Last limited 10-04-2007.

Factors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TANZANIA INVESTMENT CENTRE (TIC) Tanzania enthronisation Centre (TIC) is the primary theatrical of the Government of Tanzania to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate enthronisation in Tanzania and to nonify the Government on enthronization related matters. TIC is a focal flow for investors. It is the first point of call for the say-so investors it is a one stop facilitative centre for all investors, engaging in the business sector of marketing Tanzania as an investing funds savoir-faire.TIC was launch in 1997 by the Tanzania investment Act No. 26 of 1997 to be the primary agency of Government to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government in investiture related matters All Government departments and agencies ar required by law to cooperate amply with TIC in facilitating investors. As a primary agency of the Government in all investment matters, TIC is c harged with the avocation functions- Assist in establishment of enterprises e. g. ncorporation of enterprises Obtain necessary licenses, work permits, visas, approvals, facilities or services Sort come unwrap any administrative barriers confronting both local and unusual investments Promote both abroad and local investment activities Secure investment sites and assist investors to establish EPZ projects Grant Certificates of Incentives, investment guarantees and register technology agreements for all investments, which a re over and above US $ 300,000 and 100,000 for foreign and local investment respectively Provide and disseminate up to date learning on existing investment opportunities, benefits or incentives avail qualified to investors and Assist all investors whether or not registered by TIC. TIC headquarters is in Dar es Salaam, but has established Zonal offices in Kilimanjaro, Mwanza and Mbeya parts in secern to assist Investors who be based in nigh region s to access TIC services without necessarily traveling to Dar es Salaam.The Zonal offices be responsible in assisting investors to obtain all relevant permits, approvals and licenses they require in order to set up their businesses. In order to strengthen and expedite facilitation services, ten (10) Senior Officers from Government or its Executive Agencies prevail been permanently stationed at TIC to deal out investors under one roof. Presently these officers include those from- Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement ontogenesis Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) Immigration Department Ministry of Labor, Employment and Youth Development (Labor Department) Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing (Directorate Trade) Business Registration & Licensing Agency (BRELA).? 2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEMFDI has been one of the principal beneficiaries of the liberalization of capital flows over recent decades and straight off constitutes the major form of capital influx for many Afri privy countries, including somewhat low-income ones like Tanzania. Economies are often considered less vulnerable to external financing difficulties when new account deficits are financed largely by FDI influxs, rather than debt-creating capital flows. There is no denying the importance of FDI inflows both for their theatrical role to sustaining current account imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader frugal proceeds, through technological spillovers and competition effectuate.Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and as well as Madagascar in its ability to pluck foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik. com, Thursday September, 2008). The Chief Executive Officer of the Tanzania Investment Centre, Mr Emmanuel Ole Naiko, said even count ries with less attractive opportunities and resources were receiving more foreign direct investment beca uptake the culture of politicking and negative public sentiments against foreign investors in Tanzania were among factors impeding the inflow of investments in the soil.In recent years, the flow of FDI has been steadily growing. From 2004 to 2005, the inflow grew by 29 percent to reach US $ 916 billion). During the same Tanzania attracted US $ 330. 6 million. To ensure maximum benefit to the thriftiness, emf factors affecting FDI flow should be queryed periodically. (Tanzania Investment Report, BOT, 2006). A large proportion of the FDI flow into Tanzania has increased from 552 million US Dollars in 2006 to 600 million US Dollars in 2008, ranking the awkward among the top ten recipients in Africa. Given its dominance in fiscal globalization and the potential impact to the economies, FDI tend to pose various challenges to individual recipient countries.For good example monito ring and evaluation of the inflows, maintaining macroeconomics stability, and undertaking institutional and policy reforms for the purpose or realizing best benefits from the inflows. These challenges obligates Tanzania to increase capacity to compete interms of attracting investments, gaining global market shares and improving social economic welfare. Therefore the main objective of TIC is to facilitate Investment for national growth by enhancing an environment conductive for business and entrepreneurship growth hence attracting FDI inflows. 0. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM For the past two decades, Tanzania had been conceiving several efforts to attract immaterial Direct Investment. teaching policy and structural reforms carried out since 1980s played signifi bumt role in improving the investment environment in the state. These efforts return resulted into increase in FDI inflows into the country. However the increase in FDI and related investment posed a need to evaluate potentia l factors that induce the flow of FDI and should be emphases in this issue. The teeny-weeny number of investors in the country is usually contributed to weak economic performance. So it is burning(prenominal) to identify factors that affect these investors not to invest in the country. It is also important to recognize the mixture of positive and negative effects of FDI shoot down into the country.The enquiryer bequeath evaluate ways which notify be employ to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to economy growth. Therefore the aim of this read is to identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the flow of FDI into our country. 1. 4 interrogation OBJECTIVE 1. 4. 1 General Objective. To identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the inflow of FDI in Tanzania so that to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to the growth of economy. 1. 4. 2 ad hoc Objectives To identify and evaluate the sources of FDI To analyze the role of FDI as a source o f economic education To analyze the effects of FDI in the host country and how this can be controlled. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. 5. General Questions What are the Potential Factors That Affect FDI Inflows? 1. 5. 2 Specific Questions 1) Will policy footmarks lead to increase/decrease in FDI inflows? 2) What forget happen is some companies with foreign ownership maintain offshore accounts, from which their debt servicing is made directly, thus leading to unknown outflow? 3) What policy measures to be taken as FDI inflow into the country come from different countries with different investment requirement hence having different requirements? 4) What is the effect of availability of highly educated and skilled labor in FDI Inflows? 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 1. To the Target GovernmentThe study impart provide selective information for developing policies on investment promotion and planning on future investment strategies. Also it provide uphold in improving the necessary e nvironment for attracting FDI inflows in the country. 2. To Future researchers To help other researchers to conduct future study on the same problem fuddlen the gaps this might be encountered by the researcher. Also it can be used as reference for literature reviews on the same problem in other areas relating with FDI. 1. 6. 3 To the Researcher 1) The study is the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Post down Diploma in fiscal Management to be awarded by the Institute of Finance Management. IFM) 2) The researcher will gain confidence to conduct other research Studies independently at his places of work as to solve long and short term problems due to widened ability in writing and reporting skills. 1. 6. 4 To Investors The study will be of much importance to local and foreign investors, policy makers, donors, academicians as well it will be a useful source of information about the factors that catch FDI inflow in the country. 1. 6. 5 Reference Period The study conducted may be used in the coming three (3) years. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to provide information on the potential factors that affect FDI inflow as well as bring out investors perception of the economy and business environment ranging from macroeconomic situation, infrastructure, financial governance and labour factors.The research will be conducted in Dar es Salaam region at TIC Headquarters and will take approximately two (2) months. The issues to be analyzed here are the potential factors that affect the FDI inflows, the sources of FDI into the country and the impact of FDI to the country both negatively and positively. 8. GAPS TO BE FILLED 1) FDI by locally owned companies has to be analyzed too, as many records shown by the past researchers are for the fully owned by foreigners or partially. 2) To add information on the previously done research on the gap trying to have a census on the set of potential factors affecting FDI inflows. 3) The study will try to overc ome or at least reduce the gap as abridgment above. 9. CONCEPTUAL MODELTanzania benefits from FDI because these flows augment the limited Domestic savings and bring with it finance, managerial skills, technology, marketing expertise and market links. However new opportunities also bring risks that should be managed properly, especially in the case of policy reforms e. t. c. 10. ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY The Researcher anticipates the following(a) assumption in the research process- 1. 10. 1 clock time It is assumed that the time will be sufficient to complete this study. The time given is not sufficient to make the researcher to make a spaciotemporal study. This implies that the researcher will face difficulties in gathering all the important information for analysis. 1. 10. 2 Respondents It is assumed that some of the replyents will cooperate.Some respondents will also be a problem in the study this is because of their personal interest and might choose to be untruthful. Also th ere may be a problem of absence of respondents. 1. 10. 3 Access to Records A problem of fully access to some documents may pose a problem as some documents are termed as very confidential and thus cannot be accessed by anybody especially the outsider. 1. 10. 4 Funds It is assumed that the funds will cover what is on the budget. However any additional costs outside the budgeted one may pose as a problem as there will be no additional funds from my sponsor. Inexperience in conducting research may lead to some delays hence increase in cost of the study.CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Many researcher has been conducted regarding the analyses of the major determinants of FDI flows but did not come to census on what can be stipulate as a set of major determinants of FDI inflows, as this varies from one country to another and from one host to another. (World Investment Report, 2008). The flow of FDI to different countries is unequal. The major sources and destination o f FDI have been the USA, the European Union, and Japan. Europe is currently the largest recipient and source of FDI. Africa has been receiving the lowest share of global FDI despite efforts by African ountries to attract it. However the climate has improve over the past few years. The growth of house servant out raise has been greater that that of the population for the first time in years. (Recep Kok et al, Analyses of FDI Determinants in Developing Countries, diary of Social economicals, Volume 36 1/2 2009 PP105 123). Tanzania received US $ 600 million in 2008 and became the third largest recipient of FDI in SADCC region. However Tanzania has an upside potential to attract more FDI because of its continued political stability, promising prospect in the mining and biogas, and tourism. (World Investment Report, 2008). 1 Meaning and Overview of FDI in TanzaniaRecep Kok et al, defines outside Direct Investment is as a case where a resident entity in one economy acquires lasting interest in an enterprise in another countrys economy with significant degree of influence. The World Investment Report (WIR) 2008, which was launched by the Secretary General of UNCTAD Dr. Panithpakdi, indicates that the FDI inflow in Africa has recorded an impressive performance. It shows that FDI on the continent has hit a record and that Africa has the highest returns on Investment. The Government has continued to improve the countrys investment climate, by introducing different reforms which will be of interest to investors. However as everyone sees, the foreign investment is highly hard in some parts of Tanzania, in the big cities like Dar Es-Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha e. t. c.Also it is concentrated in the mining areas like Geita, Kahama, Nyamongo, and Tulawaka. In areas where the only product obtained there is agriculture, there are no or few investments. (Tanzania Investment Report, 2006). FDI has some components which are- 1) Direct Equity Investment 2) Retained earnings attri butable to non-residents 3) Long-term shareholders and inter-company loans 4) Short-term shareholders and inter-company loans and 5) Suppliers credits from related companies. The surge of interest in FDI and multinational companies has been so high that in Tanzania there has been a high expectation in terms of what the companies can do and generally on the development effects of FDI. patch FDI can, indeed, contribute to national economic and social development in many ways, the engagement and performance of domestic actors are very crucial. The effect of FDI largely depends on the policies of the host country. This goes beyond the mere liberalization of economies. Deliberate measures to develop human capital and physical and social infrastructure can also be worthy ways to enhance the quality of FDI that countries can attract. Tanzania is making major efforts to increase FDI inflow by improving the investment climate. It has embarked on wide-ranging policy, political and institutio nal reforms aimed at reducing (and if possible removing) barriers to entry of foreign capital, particularly FDI.Trade investment liberalization, privatization and the creation of various incentives for foreign investment have received goodish attention of the government. Regional economic integration bodies and free trade zones have been created to enlarge the size of markets and scoop up common investment regimes at sub-regional and regional levels. These efforts are based on recognition that FDI can stimulate economic growth, generate new employment opportunities, promote transfer of new technologies and contribute to environmental sustainability in the region. (Oyeyinka, 2004) 2 FDI Inflow and Prospect for Tanzania Tanzanians Foreign Direct Investment has increased by n primaeval 15Percent in 2008, to begin with due to investment in natural resources Exploration projects already in operation. Tanzania has ranked number 12 among major FDI receiver African countries after Nigeri a, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, equatorial Guinea, Algeria and Tunisia. Other countries ahead of Tanzania are Madagascar, Zambia, Ghana, DRC and Kenya. (World Investment Report, 2008). However, there is no reason why on earth countries like Zambia and Madgascar should surpass Tanzania, particularly when one looks at the natural resources endowments the country enjoys. Tanzanias problem has been engagement in too many debates, which inhibited some the making of quick and timely decisions.Giving the example of a country like Mozambique, although it was devastated by the war, had managed to successfully develop its coal mines leaving Tanzanians to debate on who should develop Mchuchuma coal or Liganga iron ore deposits. Since early 1986, The Government of Tanzania, with determination, launched a comprehensive economic reforms and stabilization programme. In pursuit of this, agricultural marketing has been liberalized, foreign exchanged controls have been lifted, price deregulated, enhanced head-to-head sector involvement in the economy through privatization programme and the new investment code offering competitive incentives has been in place. These comprehensive economic reforms have resulted into improved competitiveness, lower tariffs, increasing levels of foreign investment in trade, improved key economic indicators and rapid integration into world markets.To this end, the Government is currently embarking on a strenuous exercise to upgrade its institutions and bring them at par with international standards. The expectation is to enhance the countrys competitive position for investment flows destined for the region and meet the challenges of globalization. Table 1GDP Snapshot for 2004 GPD US $ 8. 8bn GPD per Capita USD $ 240 GPD Growth 4. 3% Agriculture encourage Added 47. 6% Industry Value Added 14. % Services Value Added 38. 0% Source World buzzword Tanzanias 15 years track record of largely satisfactory reforms has consolidated a favorable macroeconomi c environment, which makes it one of the main incentives for foreign investor. Growth per capita is expected to increase by 3. 4% between 2004 and 2009. (Tanzania Investors Guide, 2002 and beyond). Table 2FDI Inflows, 2004 2007 Year US $ mn 2004 183. 3 2005 350. 5 2006 522 2007 600 Source Bank of TanzaniaAn increase in Foreign Direct Investment, apparently, indicates that the countrys investment environment has increasingly improved in the manner that investors are now able to predict more precisely profits to be accrued from their investment. Table 3 TIC Approval of Foreign Investment 1990 2000 YEAR US $ mn 1990 47. 25 1991 471. 49 1992 204. 9 1993 527. 05 1994 302. 99 1995 263. 42 1996 467. 85 1997 384. 9 1998 1464. 69 1999 1211. 2000 767. 77 Source Tanzania Investment Centre 2. POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT ATTRACT FDI The literature groups the factors that attract foreign investment into two groups external hale factors and domestic pull factors. Among the pull fact ors are a. Economic and political reforms that boost confidence in the economy b. Reforms such as debt restructuring which ease the long-run foreign exchange constraint and therefore enhance the sustainability of foreign exchange inflows c. Liberalization of foreign exchange flows (both current and capital) in the balance of wagess d.Simplication of red-tape requirements for direct and portfolio investment and liberalization of restrictions on head-to-head sector borrowing from a broad e. macroeconomic factors, these are fiscal policy, monetary policy, government stability, government spending regulatory frame work, state intervention in private business, and financial sector stability. The government has to have a clear look on these factors as they affect investors operations f. The infrastructure and public services including inland transport, ports, electricity and water supply, postal services, telecommunications, customs services, immigration facilities, municipal services, banking services and credit rating g.Diverse factors including corruption, internal security, domestic political scenario, regional political scenario, domestic economic situation, global economic situation and market expansion h. Governance factors that include regional trade integration, trade policy, investment incentives, bureaucracy, and tax accrual efficiency, effectuality of legal law, land law and administration and speed of decision making i. Inflation, availability of business credit, interest rate, depreciation on domestic currency, national payment system and exchange control are among the pull factors. Among the push factors are a. The relative decline in international interest rates ( or soly US vaulting horse rates) when compared to interest rates in developing economies b.Cyclical downturns in economic activity in developed economies, which reduce the demand for investment funds and c. A move towards intentional diversification of asset portfolios by major portfol io investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. The literature identified both push and pull factors as being behind the increase in capital flows to developing economies in 1990s. However, it is domestic or pull factors over which policy makers can have direct impact in attracting inflows of private capital. (Asea and Reinhart, 1995) 3. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY TANZANIA TO INCREASE FDI INFLOWS There are several ways home countries can increase FDI inflows. These include a.Reducing political risk by enhancing the credibility of reforms. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be seen as one homogeneous continent and therefore the corked port of few governments often leads to a negative image for all. Credibility also matters for the sustainability of reforms. Reforms that are credible are more likely to be sustainable in the long run as economic agent react positively to policy measures and result in virtuous circle behaviors. (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000) b. Political reforms, pol itical disorder is very damaging to economic growth and is not conducive environment for both domestic and foreign investment (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000).Political reforms should be aimed at building frameworks that are more inclusive, encourage power sharing and allow for enhanced public participation in political process. c. Insurance against policy risk. al-Qaida countries can sign bilateral or multilateral investment treaties that have legally binding elements establishing the obligations of the host country toward foreign investors from other signatory countries. d. Macroeconomic stability should be ensured, as it is prerequisite for attracting sustainable, long-term foreign investment into a country. Hadjmichael et al (1996) conclude the most important impact of policies on private investment behavior was through their effect on macroeconomic instability and uncertainty.This suggests that greater macroeconomic instability can have a healthy adverse impact on domestic and f oreign private in investment. e. External burden should be reduced. In many African countries external debt servicing, most of it official, continues to exact a significant burden on finances. In principle, heavy external debt does not automatically translate into low growth. Growth in merchandise earnings can allow for continued importation investment goods to maintain growth while servicing external debt at the same time. However, if borrowed money is invested primarily in non-traded sector then the situation will arise where the economy is unable to pay for imports required to maintain growth. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FDI AS A SOURCE OF economic GROWTHAccording to B. Seedha et al in their paper Foreign Direct Investment in Africa, FDI is simply a source of capital. The impact of FDI is dependent on what form it takes. This includes types of FDI, sector scale, duration and location of business and secondary effects. It is important to note that while some have experien ced growth because of large FDI inflows, others have not. FDI can contribute to gross domestic products, gross fixed capital formation and balance of payments. Other contributions FDI can make to host country economy include assisting in debt servicing repayments, stimulating export markets, and producing foreign exchange revenues.Another aspect of FDI is that it can serve as source for economic development is in currency stability. FDI can contribute to social development by increasing employment and wages and by replacing warning market sector. FDI may offer poverty reduction, since poverty is related with unemployment. High levels of FDI do not necessarily show domestic gain (B. Seedha et al). Other factors may limit the economic gain to the host countrys economy. Example of such factors includes corporate strategies, and importation of goods and resources used in production. However FDI is mostly change by countrys instability. The gain in employment, wages and so on may be rea lized by very small part of the population.When this happens wage differences between income groups will increase and the distribution of income may become unequal. Another negative effect of FDI as a source of economy is where the parent companies dominate the local market, leaving the local companies with no where to go. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1. INTRODUCTION This section describes the methodologies framework of the study which includes Research paradigms, Research Design, types of measurements, info collection methods and approach, types of data, try techniques, sampling procedures, reliability and validity of data, management and analysis of data and limitations of the study. 3. 2RESEARCH PARADIGMSParadigms or School of Thought in research scholarship are real ways of looking at reality and the consequent approach/methods to generate knowledge that is held by a group of intellectuals who have wide influence in that subject area. The basic premise behind th e paradigms is based on how people view reality (Lufumbi, 2008). 3. 3 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the boilers suit plan of the research. It is referred as a blueprint for the collection, measurements and analysis of data. During the study the Case Study design will be used. This is due to the fact that the research will be conducted in a single organization, and also case study design allows variety methods of data collection methods.In addition to that case study design will gives the room to researcher to make rigorous analysis of the organization under the study. Case study design is also less expensive compared to other research designs. However the case study design limits the researcher from generalization to other unit of the same kind because it may not be a true representative sample. It allows the researcher to be able to get close to the sources of information. 3. 4 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES In analysing the data the researcher will adopt both quantitative and qualitat ive techniques. Tables will also be used by the researcher to present the information where applicable. 3. 5TYPES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurement is a process of depute numbers to objects or observation, the level of measurement being a function of the rules under which the number assigned (Kothari, 2004). Technically speaking measurement is the process part aspects of range according to some rules of correspondence. The measurement of the collected data will be delivered score that will be obtained from the respondent when making sense of data that would make from the research development. The delivered score will be of course those from face to face interview, distrustnaires, documentations and observation. 3. 6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES The simple Random sampling approach will be used to select the sample.The researcher expects to follow the following approach in selecting the sample- All Foreign Investors registered with Tanzania Investment Centre as a population to be studied will be identified through the register. Sample of foreign investors will be d crankyn every which way. Judgment approach to sampling will be used to select the items to be studied. 3. 7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND APPROACHES The data to be collected are those which will be able to address the research objectives and answer the research questions. Both primary and secondary data will be used in this study and the research intends to use several relevant data collection method to collect them. 3. 7. 1Primary selective information Primary data are original works of research or raw data without interpretation or pronouncements that present of official opinion or position. vicarious data are those data obtained from literature sources. These are the ones that have already been collected by the other people for some other purposes. This is second had information. Secondary data include both raw data and published ones (Sunders et al, 2000). The following methods will be used in collecting prima ry data Interview This method will be use for the purpose of seeking clarifications on some of data collected. For this reason the interview will be in form of verbal and unstructured. Questionnaire The researcher will set relevant questions on factors attracting FDI inflow, and those questionnaires will be distributed to different staffs who will answer them.This method will be used to give adequate time to think about the question and respond to them accordingly. These will be administered to TIC staffs in order to collect data relating to such issues like what they think attract foreign investors to invest in Tanzania, what hinder foreign investors to invest in the country, the advantages of FDI inflow in Tanzania. , and how do they purchase, issue and receive stores. Observation The researcher will observe and participates directly in daily activities of TIC. This will enable the researcher to analyze each particular activity effectively and enchantly. Also this method will mak e help to the researcher to detect the behavior of the respondents a) Documentary SourceIn this course of collecting data, the researcher will be trying to go through different document held by TIC. 2. Secondary Data The researcher will collect secondary data through the review of various literatures from different sources such as minutes, reports, policies and legislation regarding the investments in Tanzania. 7. dependability AND VALIDITY OF DATA The researcher will make sure the measurable data are valid by controlling the questionnaires, and interview and ensure that are directed to the right person at TIC and make sure the reliability of the data by reviewing information which is from reliable and right documents. 1. ReliabilityReliability refers to the question of whether a measuring instrument or process can produce the same results if successively employed by different researchers (Ndunguru, 2007). It refers to the purpose to which a measure is giving consistent and stable results in a measurement process. 2. Validity Validity helps us to measure what it sets out to measure consistently and in a stable manner. It refers to persistence of systematic error in measurement process (Ndunguru, 2007). The validity of the research results is ensured id adequate physical or statistical control is put in place such that research measurement process produces accurate data. Generally validity is about a researcher measuring what he/she out to measure. 8.MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. Data Management Data will be collected from respective sources by using questionnaire, personal interviews. The respondents are randomly selected. However whenever the approached interviewee was not accessible at that time, the next nearest interviewee will be approached. 2. Data Analysis The data collected from questionnaires, interviews and documents is going to be edited, coded and summarized in order to get information relating to problems. The researcher will analyze and te st the data using descriptive method, text and schedules, and tables will be used to authorise relationship between variables. 3. 9. 3 Data ProcessingThe researcher will use coding in data processing. This includes numbering and heading so as to simplify and reduce the ambiguity to the reader. Collection of data using questionnaire will be entered in the computer so as to make coding. 3. 9. 4 Data Presentation The findings of the study will be presented in a form of narration description with illustration of tables and diagrams where applicable. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Immanuel D. Mzava & David Hillier (2004) Does Countrys Tax Structure determine its Foreign Direct Investment Flow? The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 141 Barbara Seedha, Lauren Maxwel & Joseph Horton (2000) Foreign Direct Investment in Africa The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 141 Bank of Tanzania (2001) Report on the Study of Foreign orphic seat of government Flows in Mainlan d Tanzania Tanzania Investment Report. Bank of Tanzania (2006) Report on Foreign Private Investment in Tanzania Tanzania Investment Report. Recep Kok & Bernur Acikgoz Ersoy (2009) Analyses of FDI determinants in Developing Countries International Journal of Social Economics Volume 36 ? PP 105 123 www. emeraldinsight. com Bhinda, N and M. Martin (1994). Eastern Africa Survey of Foreign Investors, Report by Exocomisti Association for the World Bank. Chege, M (1999). Politics of Development Institutions and National Governance, account presented for Africa in the 21st Century Initiative (Washington D. C World Bank) IMF (1999). The Cross-Border Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa, African and Policy Development and Review Department, IMF. Kasekende L. and I. Hussain (1997). Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa Whats the Real Story? Paper presented at Seminar, A New Paradigm of Financing Development and Development Cooperation, March 1997, Stockholm. Kasekende L. , D. Kit abire and M. Martin (1998). Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa, in G. K. Hellier (1998). Capital Accounts Regimes and Developing Countries (London Macmillan Press)Kasekende L. and A. Bhundia (2000). Attracting Capital Inflow to Africa Essential Elements of a Policy Package. Advanced Unedited Copy. UNCTAD (1999), Foreign Direct Investment in Africa Performance and Potential, (New York and Geneva, 1999). TIC (2002 and beyond). Tanzania Investors Guide Investment Opportunities and Facilitation (United Republic of Tanzania, March 2002) C. Makunike (Tuesday, September 30, 2008). Tanzanias Foreign Direct Investment inflow up by 15 Percent. (www. tradeafrica. com) D. Makangale (Thursday, January 22, 2009). Investment Climate Attractive (Tanzania Daily News Paper) Macias J. B and Massa I. (June 2009). The Global monetary Crisis and Sub-Saharan Africa The outcomes of retardant Private Capital Inflow on Growth Results of ODI Research Presented in preliminary exa m Form for Discussion and Critical Comment. (London Overseas Development Institute). Oyeyinka, B. (2004). How can Africa profit from Globalization? ATPS Special Paper Series No. 17 www. tic. co. tz visited on 3rd March 2010 APPENDICES APPENDIX I Institute of Finance Management, P. O. Box 3918, Dar es Salaam, 10TH March, 2010. Dear Respondent, I am a student at the Institute of Finance Management undertaking Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I am researching on the Potential Factors that Affect Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Tanzania.The questionnaire aims at finding data for a research paper to be presented to the Institute of Finance Management as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I kindly request you to put a tick after appropriate answer and where applicable explain why when requested to do so. The information you give will be strictly confidential and will be used for the purpose of this rese arch. Thanking you in advance. Yours truly, Kwareh, Karerema R. APPENDIX II RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE A popular INFORMATION Date completed ________/_______/_________ Centre Name ______________________________________ Name and position of the person completing this questionnaire ____________________________________________________________ _Centre Address _____________________________________________ Tel __________________ Fax _______________ E-mail ____________ Please give details of alternative person whom I may contact incase I have any questions __________________________________________________________ Date of Commencing Operations _____________/ _____________/ __________ B GENERAL QUESTIONS 1. To what extent have the following macroeconomic factors affected investment in our country? real strong +ve effect strengthened Limited +ve result No Effect Limited Strong Very Strong ve Effect +ve effect ve Effect ve Effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 At start upNow Fiscal policy( ) ( ) Monetary policy( ) ( ) Government Stability( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2. To what extent have the availability of condition of the following Infrastructures and services affected in our country? Very strong +ve effectStrong Limited +ve Effect No Effect Limited Strong Very Strong ve Effect +ve effect ve Effect ve Effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 At start upNow midland transport (roads, rails)( ) ( ) Access to seaport( ) ( ) Airport and Air transportation( ) ( ) Electricity supply( ) ( ) Water supply( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3. To what extent have the following financial factors affected investment in Tanzania? Very strong +ve effectStrong Limited +ve Effect No Effect Limited Strong Very Strong ve Effect +ve effect ve Effect ve Effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 At start upNow Inflation( ) ( ) Availability of business finances/credit( ) ( ) Interest rates ( ) ( ) Depreciation of domestic currency( ) ( ) Exchange Control( ) ( )Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 4. To what extent the following governance factors affected investment opportunities in Tanzania? Very strong +ve effectStrong Limited +ve Effect No Effect Limited Strong Very Strong ve Effect +ve effect ve Effect ve Effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 At start upNow Regional Trade( ) ( ) Trade policy( ) ( ) bureaucracy ( ) ( ) Tax collection efficiency( ) ( ) Land law & administration( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 5. Please specify the most import ant factors that influence your initial decision to invest in Tanzania? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________ 6. What is the likely direction of foreign direct investment in Tanzania in the medium term? Please tick appropriate box Expansion No Change Contraction 7.What measures can the government undertake to improve investors attractiveness to continue investing in Tanzania and attract new investors? a. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time. APPENDIX III TIME SCHEDULE This timetable will be of great help to me as a researcher to organize activities to be carried out and allocate the time accordingly. This will act as my guideline. The estimated time of conducting the research is 9 weeks. workweek Activity 1st 2nd Week Preliminary preparation i. e. research proposal, budget, finding the assistant for help if necessary e. t. c. 3rd 4th Week Preparation of questionnaires, visiting the respondents and distribution of questionnaires 5th 6th Week Collection of questionnaire from respondents, analysis of the data, verification and processing 7th 8th Week Revising the paper, re-writing and bidding 9th Week Presenting the paper and defending APPENDIX IV RESEARCH BUDGET 1. 0 STATIONARY TSHS 1. 1 Ream of ruled paper x2 7,000 14,000 1. 2 Ream of A4 plain papers x 2 8,000 16,000 1. Flash Disk x 1 50,000 50,000 1. 4 Ball pen, pencil, collection fluid 10,000 2. 0 SECRETARIAL SERVICES 2. 1 Proposal Typing and printing x 2 copies 100,000 2. 2 Research Typing and printing x 2 copies 150,000 2. 3 Binding 50,000 2. 4 Photocopying of documents 20,000 3. RESEARCH EXPENSES 3. 1 Assistance Researcher 80,000 3. 2 Transport to and fro 250,000 3. 3 breakfast/lunch e. t. c 100,000 3. 4 Consultation 50,000 Sub-total 890,000 + Contingency 30% 1,157,000

Getting over a Betrayal Essay

This song brings forth a tang of that even though a loss of a loved integrity is a heart wrenching experience thither is nothing a person can do to change the outcome of what has happened. My timeless seems to be more about losing ones own sense of identity and self-worth due to the loss and/or betrayal of a loved one than about the actual loss of the loved one These wounds wont seem to better/ This pain is proficient too real/Theres just too much that time cannot erase (7-9) By the end of the song, the survivor of the story is emotionally drained and paralyzed with the fear by the computer storage of the betrayer. The survivor of the incident just wants those memories of hurt and betrayal to go away. This pain is felt in the opening stanzas of the song.And if you have to leave/I wish that you would just leave/Your presence still lingers here/ And it wont leave me completely (3-6). The theme of My Immortal is the struggle of trying to get rid of the feeling of betrayal and of guilt. The betrayer has hurt or betrayed her in a way that she can never recover from the emotional damage. You used to captivate me/ By your reminiscent light/ Now Im bound by the life you left behind (14-16) For the rest of the girls life, she will be imprisoned by him. She sacrificed everything for him. after(prenominal) years of being together, he throws everything she has done for him back in her face.She know feels like that she will never be free of him Your face it haunts/My once lovable dreams (15, 16) The effect of this song brings forth many different emotions. This song brings to light that if one lets a past betrayal or losses rule their life, there will never be any peace for the individual. The individual needs to let go of the hurt, even though they are feeling that they were alone the entire time they were with that one person. Ive tried so hard to tell myself that youre gone/ But though youre still with me/ Ive been alone all along ( 24-26)It hurts being betraye d by a loved one. The reality that she was all alone in her love when he was with her and ironically, now that hes left her, she isnt alone He torments her with the memories of his betrayal (perhaps complicated by her genuine love for who she thought he was. ) These wounds wont seem to heal/ This pain is just to real/ Theres just too much that time cannot earse (21-23) Works Cited Evanescence.

Intergrated marketing communications

The main form of research for my assignment entrust be through the library and Internet.I provide do research into companies that argon found out there as Motorola companies go out learn go with re carriages, which can be found either on the Internet or in libraries.This section provides a detailed account of the research undertaken to complete this assignment and further, goes on to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each particular method. It is use to give support of the benefits thought to be associated with each research method.With my knowledge of the Chinese marketplaces mixed in as well, I will hopefully formulate assignment that will be unbiased and concise.Executive SummaryAs the add together mavin of the orthogonal export-import electronic company in mainland mainland mainland China, was in extraordinary position, Motorola has established a strong foundation and developed powerful affinitys in China.As the China become more open and developed today, all th e world organisations ar likely to crap their business in China. As the first tele parley company who is entry in their business in China, Motorola has successfully bring in Chinese market, how does this communication skills as they used, this is the main topic of this assignments.1) China market environmentFor the BBC mods reports the US businesses community see the worlds most populous agricultural as potentially their most cabbageable market, and the US interests hope an open Chinese market could help pull the economy out of its present slump.why is that? Thought it took 10 days to build a active user base of 10 trillion in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years.Currently, China wide awake telecommunication market is no topic short of Stellar no other market in the world is adding 5 million mobile subscribes a month (2001) to their customer base.Chinas mobile communications market, with over 120 million user by mid-2001, has over taken the US to become the largest mobile phone market in the world.China is already the largest market for cellular phones in the world and pass judgment to be the second largest PC market in the world. China is become the second largest telecommunication market by the remainder the 2003.1.2) Economic environment special economic zones in ChinaChina now is the biggest consumer market in the world, China have thirteen Special economic zones (SEZ), especially seeed for the foreign and private owned investors.The first in Shenzhen in the province of Guangdong in 1979, since then, three further SEZS have been established in south China Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, at Xiameng in province of Fujian.After 1984, China making the condition more comfortable for the foreign investment, and in 1998, Hainan Island acquired SEZ status at the same age as being sanctiond to being autonomous province.The SEZ are able to accept foreign investment in virtua lly any area of economic exercise of interest to China, including all the service and action area.Since 1990, foreigners are now to engage in land development, and to install electric power and telephone service to expire utilities in one of the designated investments zones. All the technologies investments are reduced of taxation.The all of 13 SEZ zones include Dalian, Fujian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hainan, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tianjing, Xiamei, Zhandjiagang, and Shenzhen.Preferential administrative producedures and tax incentives would be available for the foreign investors with in economic zones.1.3) China mobile market informationBefore we proficientified Motorolas market communications plan, we need look at what physical body of market do we catch ones breath in at? What is in here?As this assignments topic is Motorola PLC (China), So we need look at what is China mobile market genuine situation.As by report, China mobile communication market is developing ra pidly. The number of mobile phone subscribers in China increased from 6.85 million in 1996 to 85.26 million in 2000.The year 2000 saw an additional increase of by 41.97 million, exceeding the number of fresh subscribers of fixed phone networks for the first time of history.From 1996 to the end of 2000, the average annual rate growth rate of mobile phone subscribes remained 95%.By the end of 2000, the population of the mobile phone hold reached 6.7%, it is estimated that the organic number of mobile phone subscribers in China will reach 250 million in 2005.So that took 10 years to build a mobile user base of 10 million in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years.Wow, that is how debonair lates for the each company who want doing their business in Chinese market.2) OrganisationMotorola (China)For the topic above that, I choose Motorola Company in China as my selected company.Motorola inc, the worlds ternioning company in st ateing integrated communications and imbedded electronics solutions, was set up in 1928, pedigree from marking rectifier and motor radio, Motorola grow up in 1940s and 1950s, gradually became a transactional company in 1960s from when it began to develop its overseas market.Now, Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world. Its operations cover wireless communication, semiconductor, automobile electronic, broad brand, Internet and Internet access products.Motorola is the loss leader in mobile phone, paging, two-way radio, and commercial GSM and CDMA.In 2001, the company has scored a total sales plenty of US $30 cardinal.Motorola Company established its branch in Beijing in 1987 and registered in Tianjin Motorola semi-conductor and car appliances. In 1992, Motorola has set up Motorola (China) electronics LTD.In Tianjin has begun to produce beep-pager, mobile phone, two-way radio, wireless communication facilities, semiconductor, automobile electronics etc.Motorola is the largest foreign investor in China. Over the past 15 years, company has invested 28.5 billion yuan ($3.4 billion, intimately 1.7 billion). Motorola (China) has consisted of 1 owned factory, 1 holding company, 8 R&D facilities and 26 sales offices. Motorola china employs total revenue for 2002 reached 47 billion Yuan ($5.7 billion, about 2.85 billion), up to 16 % from when was ($3.6 billion, about 1.8 billion) one of the largest exports in China.Motorola entered China at a prime time when mobile communication novel theme and no one was selling. As a result, the company enjoy success in selling its pager as tens millions of Chinese wanted convenience and symbolization of fond status (this is Chinese momentum and a strong emphasis on design and selling, Motorola hold the largest market share in China, about 28%, as its brand is with best in quality, features and form factor.In 2001, Motorola Company with a total sales volume of $4.9 billion in China entered into a 1.44 billion d ollars network construction and expansion contract with suppliers like China telecom and Unicom.The company has a staff about 15,000 in China. Motorola is the number one provider of micro controller products, which more than 18 percent of the global market.Motorola Company has been first in its market share in China in three consecutive years. According to the 500 strongest foreign-invested companies in China, in place of Shanghai Volkswagen, which it has kept title in nine years.Over the years, Motorola has developed a unique strategy for the emphasizing applied science transfer, continuing investment and association cultures. The company has invested all its profits from china back gradually topical anestheticized its China operations (nearly all Motorola China companys Chinese, 75% of managers).At present, Motorola with eight co-invested companies in China is actively implementing various co-operation projects in the fields of new and hi-tech technology research and development s with famous universities, scientific research institutions and enterprise in China.Motorola is a major supplier of mobile communication equipment which including mobile switches, base stations and handsets for GSM and company is one of the some companies that can offer complete CDM (infrastructure and handsets).Until now, Motorola (China) has made up to 64 million (RMB) donations to China hope project, tertiary education, flood salvation and western sandwich development.The company has launched brand all of the China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Zhejiang, Hunan, Tianjing, Suzhou, Hainan, etc. Anywhere have mobile user there is a Motorola.3) Motorola China mission statementVision To be the standard against which others are measuredMission To manipulate aspiration quality accessible to allValues Quality value, service, innovation and trustMotorola is China to stay and grow. Motorola has to date invested US $34.5 billion in china and employs 13,000 pot on the Chinese mainland . It is the big foreign investor industry and it is one of the biggest American investors in the Chinese market.Motorolas relationship with Chinese political science officials is continuing. Incapacity neighbour Beijing, manufacturing pagers, mobile phones, semiconductors and other wireless communications equipment. In April 1998, it moved its north Asian office from Hong Kong to Beijing. canvass to other foreign competitors, Motorola have a long-term vision in the Chinese market.Motorola entered China in 1987 and registered in 1992 a company in Tianjin, a muFor us to fully understand the recent success of a greatest China institution, and how they can build upon its success, we must(prenominal) first examine the infrastructure of the company itself.4) Model for merged Marketing CommunicationIntegrated Marketing Communication is more than the coordination of a companys outgoing message amidst different media and the unanimity of the message throughout. It is an aggressive market ing plan that captures and uses an extensive amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. Steps in an Integrated Marketing system are1.Customer Databasean essential element to implementing Integrated Marketing that helps to segment and analyse customer-buying habits.2.StrategiesInsight from analysis of customer data is used to run marketing, sales, and communications strategies.3.TacticsOnce the basic strategy is determined the appropriate marketing tactics can be specified which best targets the special(prenominal) markets.4.Evaluate ResultsCustomer responses and new information about buying habits are collected and analysed to determine the effectiveness of the strategy and tactics.5.Complete the loop.5) Customer target of Motorola ChinaAs the Motorola has wide present of mobile products, the vary of products designed as different of user assemblage.For the Motorola (China), I selected four diverse of target marketing root words that are fashion user heavy user, social life lover user and high technology user.* Fashion userMost of young generation and between age 20-40, who loves to carry the new design and functional mobile phones, and change their mobile phone frequently.They more care about their appearance of mobile phones such as size, colour and diversified functions. The publicizing for this group should trend these side of behaviour.However, the product targeting of these group are lone close to(prenominal) a short life cycle, the company should to contours move forward their product design, to lead the mobile market fashion.* Heavy userNormally they are successful businessman and woman, professionals and private company owner, are aged which above 30 years old, with a higher incomer.The people in this group as show in mobile as their necessary tools for their business or jobs, not kind of fashion staff. They always are early holders of mobiles phones, for them, it is wide-cut to stick with one brand, not always change, because they dont seems to have a time to use new manure.Therefore, for this group need have much high quality of the product and faultless customer service, also this group is much loyal in certain brands differentiate with other group, so it is actually important to reach this groups customer.* Social life lover userThis group might not that rich, but they are very active, enjoys pup, restaurant, nightclub all those kind of staff. They like to make friends and more care about their families. A mobile phone is the best tools for them to communicate with other and property in touch.They may not enjoy getting a very attractive appearance or very complicate functional mobile phones the people in this group are much sensitive to the price of the phone than other groups, because they normally do not have very higher income and only got average salary.They normally are patient to wait about sales promotions in order to get good price with good deals.For this target of view, th e profit margin of mobile phones targeting for this group are focused on lower price.However, with the increasing number of the mobile phones holder, this groups people are quickly growth and make more contribution to the growth of the market size. So, we cannot disregard the exist of this group.* Technology userThis groups customer are normally male, high educated, the age of them are between 25-50. They are very interested to try advanced technology, and always seek new mobile phones with innovative technology and wide functions.Customers in this group are more likely try some new accessories connecting to the mobile phones and other own(prenominal) digital equipment, such asIs this mobile phone are good to connect to the laptop or Internet or is this mobile phone have a good camera?6) Promotion methods Cross promotionSometimes the cross-promotions that find oneself between different industries work so well. One company actually buys the expertise of the other and opens an outl et incorporating both.Benetton and Motorola rolled out an elegant line of pagers as fashion accessories. The cross-promotional assistants vision is to make the humble pager a fashion statement, with customers wearing matching clothing and pagers on their belts.Motorola persuaded Benetton to license its name and provide productive consultation to Motorolas paging division, which manufactures the new devices. Motorola Pagers, in colours ranging from raspberry purple to buttermilk will be advertised on Benetton models will have the United act upon of Benetton slogan stamped on them, which both gives Motorola and Benetton an advertisement, is called moving advertisement in the China.6.1) Master card international and Motorola allianceMasterCard International and Motorola companies announced that each would commit resources in a joint effort to make m-commerce a reality for consumers worldwide.Motorola and MasterCard will collaborate on continuing research and development projects to assure interoperability between MasterCards electronic payment systems and Motorolas wireless Internet devices and platforms. The two companies plan to develop next-generation m-commerce technologies that support the initiatives of the newly formed Global Mobile Commerce Interoperability Group (GMCIG), of which both companies are key members. The alliance also includes cooperation on a number of key initiatives to promote the benefits of m-commerce to consumers through joint marketing activities.The companies also plan to work unneurotic to adapt existing, intelligent payment systems for the mobile environment. These systems include MasterCard M/Chip(tm), its chip-based integrated credit/debit system, and Mondex(tm), MasterCards chip-based electronic cash payment system.Motorolas alliance with MasterCard will enable Motorola to work closely with MasterCards 22,000 member financial institutions. As a result, Motorola expects to realize continued improvements in the capabilities and functionality of its existing wireless Internet devices and platforms.Both companies also will benefit from the respective experience, leadership and brand recognition of the other Motorola with its reputation as a global communications leader and pioneer of the wireless Internet, and MasterCard as the most widely-accepted electronic payment brand in the world and a catalyst for the development of m-commerce solutions.7) List of stakeholders Motorola ChinaManufactory & Products Motorola have a range of products, which include pages, mobile phones, Internet and Internet access products.The integrated electronic system sector, we called them IESS in Motorola, formally as known as ACCES (automotive, computer and communication components and energy sector), consists as two parts the energy system group (ESG) and the automotive and industrial electronics group (AIEG).ESG Tannin factory has several SMT assembly lines, with high-precision ascent capability and speed, the factory is capab le of producing a wide range of PCB electronics products, to meet the requirements of customers.ESG Tianjin now produces nearly 100 types of batteries of various series for Motorolas company, V series, time port, lambaste about, two-way radio products and other electronic devices.The Motorola (China) factory is played an important role of Motorolas development strategy.Suppliers Motorola have about 700 head supplier or collateral supplier of Motorola China for total 13,000 employees.Distributors These are the sources for companies to deliver their products throughout the market. The primary distributors are the state funded networks and the larger distributor networks throughout the China.A key government network, sponsored by china mobile, is a key network as it sells and distributes other brands. Another strong channels is companies like Cellstar and bright point which are the worlds prima(p) global providers of innovative, value enhancing logistics services to the wireless co mmunications industry.Another channel outlet is the smaller private exclusive distributorship agreements, which Motorola does not depend heavily on. These partner combinations are important for companies who depend on them to get their products to the ever-expanding market regions.Subscribers By the year 2003, the Motorola mobile phone subscribes in China will reached 75 million, and the number will go up to 200 million by the year of 2004, but most of the market share will be taken by Motorola.The figure 2 is show in the growth of subscribers.Source Temple UniversityCustomers as I mentioned above, Motorola (China) separately with different customer user group, every group have their characteristics, we need try to carry out diverse of product design, plan and strategy for those various user group.Employees Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world, which Motorola (China) has about 13,000 employees, by the end of last year, Motorola (China) has about 700 managerial staff are Chinese, including about 200 female, which accounts 26% of total number.Government China government structure plays an raise role in the assumption that foreign companies will maintain dominance.Retailers the retail distribution for the mobile phone is severely fragmented, but consolidating with industry growth and expansion. As mentioned previously, because of its dominant position, china mobile serves as a major distributor for mobile phone technology producers.Major department stores and retail outlets provide some other key outlets for distribution. There is no one way to get products to consumers, as no one company has access to all of the markets in the nation, so providers must develop relationships with many types of outlets to gain market advantage.This is changing as the larger outlets and suppliers are buying up smaller retailers to consolidate their retail capabilities.8) Marketing goalsFor the Motorola marketing goals, I think one of the most significant developme nts in business in recent years has been rapid growth of international activities. Exporting, foreign direct investment and sourcing of products and components abroad have expanded dramatically.Many firms enter new international markets make their company more competitively and new product ripening more quickly.The market entry relates to the easy or difficultly with which a firm can become a member of a group of competing firms by producing a close substitute for the products they are offering. The firms must develop a range of products, assets, marketing strategy and management activities for the new market entered.Motorola will emphasis on facilities to make wireless telecom equipment, mobile phone handsets and semiconductors, it already told the largest investor in China electronics industry.Motorola will carries out a win -win development strategy from beginning and bring idea of taking China as its home and development base, to win the Chinese government and peoples heart.Exa mple as with development over 15 years, Motorola has made a big success in China and been turned into a famous brand. In 2000, Motorola (China) is the leading company of 1,000 high-tech companies by china high-tech enterprise evaluation centre. In 2001, Motorola (China) was the biggest foreign import-export company in China.8.1) Corporate goalsIn an effort to retake global market share, Motorola is relying on its long-standing local investments, self-expressive branding campaign, and redesigned products platforms to dominate critical emerging markets.Motorola company would continue to invest all of the proceeds of the company the company made from China in expanding production and Chinas accession into the world trade organization (WTO) and will sell a half of the companys products on the international market.9) Case at Motorola pull strategyMotorola will purchase US $10.5 billion of components from the Chinese market and will export more than US $12 billion worth of commodities at 2004. Motorola will be using Japans most popular 3D graphics technologies in its new mobile phones in an effort to claw back sales from market leader Nokia and rising star Samsung.3D graphics are expected to be a standard feature on mobile phone handsets, especially. Just as with PCs, mobile devices will soon have separate processors for handling graphics because this eases the main processors workload and allows more complex and better looking applications to be executed.The 3D games will pull some mobile phone users to upgrade.9.1)) Motorola push strategyMotorola setting up a new application development centre to promote wireless data services among Chinese networks. The company plans to help local telecommunications operators link up with application developers to offer quality control, engineering and logistics support as well as sales and marketing help.Mobile phone companies worldwide are moving to set up data-oriented 3G networks to boost capacity, improve coverage areas, and offer services such as 2.4-megabit-per-second wireless broadband. The data-oriented services are also expected to help make up for plunging revenue from voice calls.10) Example of marketing communication mix MotorolaMotorola, the worlds second largest wireless phone market, held its 2003 product launch in Shanghai, China, with a line up of handsets clearly meant to appeal to buyers not just on functionality but also stylish.As Motorola has historically been perceived as engineering driven company and its products have reflected that heritage.While that approach has yield some of the markets hall of frame products such as the 1996 introducing of the star TAC todays mobile handset market is increasingly focusing on the youth market, where designs that reflected their style s and personal expression are key.Motorolas product launch event in China was more that just an opportunity to release its new handsets. It was also a showcase meant to highli9ghtr the companys new mindset and marketing strategy that should help it build market share.The Motorola campaign and the 2003 product line seek to embrace that trend.The 2003 line showed off many evolutionary products, including phones with advanced colour displays, a new 3G phones, and a new technology called haptics that envelops the user in what is best described as a vibration field that differs depending on the caller.The new handsets also have a strong focus on picture messaging, with many models offering built-in cameras.The company is also keeping hail and manufacturing efficiencies in perspective. Motorola is increasingly adopting the practice of reusing the same chipset and wrapping different hardware and software skin around them to offer a different looking g product- build on products and sell it in four different ways, there by appealing to a wider range of audiences.Well, today, handsets are not only tools, there are fashion statements, and something can show with personal styles. Motorola now is ap pealing to there sense of style, in addition to offering advanced phone features.During that lunch, one thing is clear this is a company that knows that brand equity and defining the brand are important factors.The 200 analysts and media who attend lunch events every advertising excavate between the airport and the hotel were covered with their hello Motorola ad campaign.The product rollout was treated like a movie premier something Motorola would never have done few years ago featuring Motomodels, Motococktails and have course Motophones.The event clearly showed how management has completely retooled and refocused its product strategy for the better.11) Motorolas strategy planAs Motorola kept their intimated relationship with Chinese government from the beginning of the time when they entered Chinese market, so Chinese government always is the strongest support for the Motorola (China). The major investment focus will clam up be around north Chinas Tianjin area where it launc hed it production base in 1980s. It will put over two billion Yuan (151 million) on Tianjin based Motorola (China) electronic company with in next five years. The strategy of Motorola is not to seeking quick money returns, but also has a long-term dedication to the China market. The Motorola (China) will adhere to a principle of introducing the latest technology to Chinese market and continues operate with smooth co-operation with domestic partners in the market.The famous 2+3+3 strategy for the Motorola of Chinese operation, this strategy which include building China into a worldwide manufacturing and R&D base for the telecommunications equipment giant. It includes three new growth areas including semiconductors, broadband and digital trucking systems and three $10 billions goals through 2006. Local sourcing is an important development rule for Motorola in China. Motorola hope takes part of China economic construction by enforcing this rule and strengthening its co-operation with Chinese enterprise. Motorola will choosing local company supplier, helping them improving their management, enhancing efficiency and promoting quality regulation system, or even will bring them into contract with foreign regulation system.Example as in year 2001, Motorola had a RMB13.3 billion purchase from Chinese enterprise, including RMB 3.3 billion by overseas branches of Motorola, the amount which is much high than other foreign companies in China. For the long-standing Chinese culture and specially background (Chinese government are controlled by the communist party), so that Motorola will choose their management team locally.Example Motorola offering a huge range of training program for their Chinese employee, by the end of 2001, Motorola has a 767 managerial employees are Chinese, which is account of 26% of the total management number.12) LocalizationKnowing that consumer preference in the Chinese market is sooner different from that in the US or UK market, Motorola started to localize its product development after the initial poor performance of pure global strategy.Now Motorola adapts its models to meet the specific demand form local markets rather than simply throw the current products into the market without any adjustment.The R&D centre in China successfully developed software to show the menu in Chinese and input Chinese characters.In 1999, a combination PDA/phone, which was designed by Chinese engineers, was launched in China and spread to the us and European countries.Motorola localization strategy also includes local souring. The company takes initiative in establishing relationships with local suppliers.7 years ago, 65% of components were imported, while 69% of components are purchased locally now.Local souring brings Motorola three major benefits lowering manufacturing cost, reducing risks from currency fluctuation, and catering to Chinese governments requirements.13) advertize and promotions targeted to market groupsAccording to my analysi s above, Motorola has four target customer groups, and there are four sub-brands to respectively target the 4 market segments time port to heavy user, accompli to technology user, V. to fashion user, and talk about to social-life lovers.Different advertisings and promotions are implemented to target these 4 specific categories, which are show in down the stairsFigure 2. Advertising and promotions targeted to market groups