Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart Essay Example for Free

Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart EssayHe had a slight stammer and had no patience with unsuccessful men. Okonkwos fears were becoming corresponding his father, Unoka beca use up his father was a failure. The characteristics of his father was his father was poor and his wife and children had barely enough to eat and mess laughed at him because he was a loafer and they swore never to lend him property again because he never paid it back. Unoka was inactive, deprived, wasteful, weak, moderate, and always very(prenominal) fascinated in music and conversation. Okonkwo on the different hand was the follow opposite of his father, he just married his third wife, he was a wealthy farmer and had two barns full of yams last but not least he had taken two titles and had shown incredible prowess in two inter-tribal wars. 2. Kola is a stimulant, comparable to very strong tea or coffee, which is served on most amicable occasions in this culture. It is also one ingredient after which Coca Cola is named. Note how the ritual for sharing kola is draw without being explained.Why do you think Achebe does this? He will continue to introduce Ibo customs in this fashion throughout the novel. * Achebe describes kola without explaining it because he wants the proofreader to know that Kola nuts plays a big part in the African culture due to the fact that in the book it states He who take up Kola Nuts brings life. Kola Nuts is to be presented to the titled man or a village head. This plays a very important companionable and ritual role in the Igbo culture. The kola-nuts are the highest symbol of Igbo hospitality.Whenever a kola-nut appears in a gathering, the matter to be discussed at that particular time is regarded as very important. When an important guest visits the community, kola-nuts are brought out and handed to the elder person. 3. One becomes influential in this culture by earning titles. As with the Potlatch Indians of our region and many other peoples, this is an expensive proposition which involves the dispersing most of ones painfully accumulated wealth. What do you think are the social functions of such a system? I believe the social functions of such a system is to show your people how far you have come as a person and how successful you are. So the more money that you spend it shows people how victorious you are. If you just have a regular old party without putting much money into it you arent that successful in other peoples eyes. 4. One of the most famous lines in the novel is proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. What does this mean? Palm oil is a rich yellow oil pressed from the fruit of certain palm trees and used both for fuel and cooking.Look for other proverbs as you read. Cowry shells locomote on strings were traditionally used as a means of exchange by many African cultures. The villages distance from the sea makes them sufficiently old to serve as money. Cowries from as far away as Southeast Asia have been found in sub-Saharan Africa. * This important quote shows how the Igbo people use their art of rhetoric so plainly. The quote shows how our lifestyle is one of fast-paced conversations, yet the Igbo prize conversation as an art form.That art form shows how the Igbo people use rhetoric so plainly. We all know proverbs are meant to be well thought-out and intentional but not quickly digested and forgotten. In the quote the allegory suggests that words are organized by proverbs for digestion. Palm oil was a common form of cooking oil, and many foods were prepared with it for use. For that reason, proverbs are the source by which words or conversations are made. The same value that they place on food, the nourishment of life, to words, the sustenance of communication and for these reasons the community.

Second Grade Experience Essay Example for Free

Second Grade Experience EssayDuring my second year in elementary school, due to the fact that I was doing so rottenly in my grades, my parents decided to send me back to El Salvador to bring up my grades. In El Salvador, I lived with my grandma, my cousins, my great aunts and uncles, and most of my family. The schools in El Salvador were so much more different than the schools in America. Since El Salvador is a poor country, the schools couldnt afford to serve lunch and the houses were much smaller. In America, most kids did not really walk or twist outside they were usually kept locked up in their room, sipping on juice and watching tv.But the kids in El Salvador they knew how to live their life with meaning. Every single day, as I made more and more friends, I would go to the soccer field and play games outside. We would play tag, soccer, baseball, soft ball pretty much any kind of sport you could imagine. The soccer fields in El Salvador were the place where I, eventually, learned to play playground ball. playground ball is like baseball but is usually referred to as, baseball but for girls. After learning how to play softball, I decided to join a small softball team that was formed in my second grade class of elementary school.Being on that team, allowed me to be at the fields even more and taught me to distinguish the sport. The idea of fresh air, blue skies, grass stains, balls, and bats made me excited and energetic. Every time I hit the ball with my bat, I ran as prodigal as my legs could take me, striving to reach the home plate and score a point for my team. Running on the fields all day and hiatus out with friends, giggling at our innocent, naive quirks and remarks gave my childhood, memories of freedom and promise. I now look at life like a baseball diamond you just start out to hit the ball and keep running until you finally reach home plate and win.

Natural Disaster and the Retail Business Owner Essay Example for Free

Natural incident and the Retail Business Owner EssayDisaster and the Retail Business Owner Natural Disaster and the Business Owner People make difficult closes in business everyday. People that make these decisions pass water to stand by them. The situation in this assignment, speaking of hurricane Katrina, I have mixed feelings on the business owner Brian decision. From a person on the outdoors looking in perspective, I felt he was wrong for raising the prices of the hotel rooms. But in reality, I had to put myself in the shoes of the business owner. In this situation I trust Brian should not give Lillys job back.It was Lillys decision to quit her job because she felt that Brian choice to raise the prices was wrong. delinquent to Brian being the owner of the motel it was his prerogative to raise the range. Lilly told Brian if he was going to raise the rates then she would quit. I think Brians response by heavy her by telling her to do what you have to do was more than f air. I felt Lily disrespected Brian telling him she quit and hanging up on him. That helps support my decision to not give her job back. Also, what happens when Brian makes a decision she doesnt like? What says she wont react and quit again?If I understand these hurt correctly, I fell Lily falls under Deontology. She spoke her mind because it her decisions to do so and it was her right to do so and it was not for the greater good. I believe Brian falls in the category of Deontological Ethics as well. It was his right to raise the rates of his motel rooms. It was also his right to le Lilly go if she didnt agree with his decision. Hurricane Katrina was a perfect opportunity to make money of a natural cataclysm. Many businesses took the opportunity to raise prices to profit of natural disasters. The decisions to profit off natural disaster are not happiness based.These higher prices will affect the hurricane victims. If Brians decision was to lower rates to accommodate hurricane vict ims, he would be bombarded with customers and most likely lose money. This would cause unhappiness to the business owner and happiness to the customer. I believe Lilly did not support her decision because if she did she would have not reapplied for the job. Brian did raise the rates regardless of Lilys argument and threat to quit. So why did she quit if she was going to try to get her job back. References https//cdad. trident. edu/CourseHomeModule. aspx? course=17ampterm=110ampmodule=1amp scallywag=bkg

Complex Leadership Styles And Success Management Essay

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The Garden Depot Recruitment Issues

The Garden Depot Recruitment IssuesThe Garden Depot originated from a family possess floral company in Barrie, Ontario expanded to a larger variety floral, gardening and lawn c atomic number 18 products. Eventu totallyy, it ventured into landscaping business too. The current practice of the organization has make the business deteriorate. Experienced and reliable plumpforces were not attained in the organization as result of editions in dateal demands. The organization also faced in synchronization among plane sections. Family member employment in the organization also gives difficulty between employees to handle any progenys with that individual. Finally is the inappropriate positioning of employee in the focusing position.As a recommendation, the best option to be implemented is by focusing on execution of specific incisions such as heed, marketing, customer assist and stock-take control. Individual departments go forth concentrate on their part of duties to bourgeon th e company. This development is attached with the employment of experienced and reliable organizeforce people rather than part time employees. This would create a stable business as in that location would not be any fluctuation in the work force. With the kick the bucket description of divisions and stable work force, Garden Depot is expected to progress in their business ventures.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe Garden Depots improper implementation of regulate staffing criterion has caused the main reason for its unsuccessfulness. The organization did not have permanent skillful employees but only seasonal ones. another(prenominal) cause of this problem is act an employee to perform multi- jobing without prior knowledge in the designated areas. The departments in the depot also do not have synchronization between them. Decision made in one department never known to the other departments. Another criterion is family member employment in the organization itself which causes comp lexity in handling matter with this individual. The organization is also facing inappropriate positioning of employee in the management position i.e. leadership problem.3. ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF THE PROBLEMThe cause of the problem is the improper enlisting that was conducted in the organization. This was the primary cause of the organization mishap causing the organization to have a fluctuation in the employee of the Garden Depot. Recruitment of seasonal assimilator employees for these tasks has caused inconsistency in the work progress. Since these inexperience employees only join for a very short period, they do not really perform in their duties as a permanent employee. in like manner that, these young needs someone superior to them guide them all the time which actually causes waste of valuable time compared to an experienced employee where great deal perform his or her tasks without any supervision.The second problem faced by the organization is the accompaniment that mo st of the employees in organization were not codeed and the alert employees were taken off during off peak season this was the problem that has cause the inconsistency of the employees. As the business is mainly based in the summer season the off peak season are a mishap for the organization where most of the employees are discarded to cut cost and replaced with students and part-time workers, this causes lack of proficiency, fashioning the organization quality and delivery inconsistent. With part time inexperience working handing during off and mid seasons making the routing employment cycle unstructured. With statistics, indicating 80% of the employees during the offseason are student who leave at the end of the summer to return to the school. Only the remaining 20% are the full time employees of the company which this cycle changing offense versa during peak season the quality and work process is certainly a question mark in terms of the garden depot. As stated in the case t here are not defined stage business responsibility for the staff its sort of like a open office process where the work is assigned as it comes to the organization and upon the employee availability.The third problem analysis was the recruitment of the family member which proved to be totally un attentionful for the business development as there was no proper qualification or business handling capabilities for the family member making the existing business more complex to handle and the fact the students were used in the real-time operation was proved to be a mishap in the organization. i.e. (Sinclair recruitment). Derek Sinclair, son-in-law of the owner, was appointed although he was not qualified for that particular position. His job scope was to organize and deploy landscapers to job sites, dealing with customers and responding to customer concern, invoicing completed landscaping and travelling to clients homes to quote jobs. This entire job was never his specialty or expertise a s he was from a customers orientated background. Low knowledge on this tasks caused Sinclair facing difficulty to communicate with customers when they called, which led him to avoid answering calls. Besides that, Sinclair also faced problem quoting for a job as he was uncertain with the materials to be used. He was also not billing the finished landscaping jobs.The fourth performer is that there is no job description and a requirement criterion that was taken before the employees was recruited. Job responsibilities are not macrocosm defined at all in this organization. This causes the employees to be confused as to who is to do what and when to execute this task. Overall this confusion in the daily operation will lead to the downfall of the organizations performance. The main objective of a job description is to have a clear draught of duties and responsibilities to make the screening process as direct and focused as possible, which was certainly a lagging factor as there were no proper fixed employees to assign the job. student being the most control during the off season it certainly possess a great challenge in terms of curtaining a job description and condition that can match the organization all the year around. With job description being assigned the following could be bring home the bacond by garden depots, which are the factors it is lacking(p) currently. There is no cooperation of students and employees in the organization insight in existing responsibilities/ business offices. There is no enabling career moves within the organization, and the most critical is that there is no determination of amount of pay per function. The cabal of all these creates a proper job description that is lagging in the organization currently.All these factor of the unstructured organization caused the fact that there was lack of customer satisfaction in the product base and the run provided to the consumers regarding the focus.4. DECISION CRITERIA AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONSThe kickoff solving would be to reevaluate all the staff and create a proper job description for the organization. Job description is to have a clear outline of duties and responsibilities to make the screening process direct and focused as possible. This will provide room for improvement in the cooperation vise by giving all members of the organization responsibilities which could increase of results by specification of responsibilities as each employee in the organizations has their own task to perform and justify.Secondly, creating departments to handle each and every division and recruit personals to partment. Each departments deployed will have their own responsibilities such as marketing department where they are to market out their services to the public. Human resource department would have the task of managing the organization where they will be involved in the employee payroll system, employee recruitment, providing trainings for employees in the organization a nd etc. By developing departments, job tasks can be divided evenly rather than only one departments slogging. Each department would have their superior and employees to manage themselves.Thirdly, using of experience and new staffs in concert to create a strong team in handling a task. In this way, they would exchange their views among each other which project a positive outcome. old employees would exchange their views based on years of experience they have gone through. As for the new comers, they would be more advanced in the latest technologies designated fields. With the combination of experience and knowledge, the organization will tend to approach a positive progress.Since Garden depot is a service based organization, the management should deploy a customer service department. With this customer service department, they are able to analyze the customers need and requirement. Through client feedback and interaction, you can learn close to what clients liked about the services provided and which areas you may need improvement in. Using customer service as a tool for continuous improvement often leads to customer satisfaction. It is the unwrap performance indicator when measuring their success.Lastly, Garden Depot can also begin conducting formal estimation system to monitor the employees job performance. Workplace appraisals actively involve employees understanding what is expected of them. By developting agreed objectives with your employer or line manager and then reviewing the results some weeks or months later, each employee is made obligated for their own performance. They are an opportunity to review strengths and weaknesses, to take an overall assessment of work content, loads and volume and to look back on what has been achieved already and to set goals and objectives for the following period. The element of an appraisal being used to ensure that the worker continues to do the job properly, there are many benefits to workplace appraisals as t hey are often the means by which employers review potential, and identify training and career planning to forward the career progression of the worker. Furthermore, they can also help employers to narrow financial reward incentives for a workers performance. Benefit from this appraisal is that some employees talk about work with their managers and these employers often and may not see the need for a formal appraisal system. Although regular dialogue between managers and workers should be encouraged, much will depend on the attitudes of individual managers and, if there is no formal appraisal system in place, some may neglect to keep on top of how their workers are doing. An appraisal system, therefore, can bring benefits in that it can develop a greater degree of consistency by ensuring that employers and employees meet regularly to discuss performance and potential. Experience has shown that this can encourage better performance from employees.5. RECOMMENDED SOLUTION, carrying in to action AND JUSTIFICATIONThe whole organization lacks infrastructure and the complete revamp of the organization must be carried out in perspective of the employees to create the Garden Depot. The first step is creating specific departments for specific job only. This can be divided into management department, marketing department, customer service and inventory control department.The main role of the management will both address and handle the multifaceted needs of its employees through the provision of the other services, both in literal and social terms. In other words, it is amenable to ensure employees are provided for in terms of finances, health care and other related issues. Another key role of management is to harken to the concerns of employees. All issues dealt with by management at the organizational level have an effect on employees and thus must be made with their best wager in mind. It is important to let employees know via regular meetings that their needs and o pinions are valued. Employees should feel as though they have the ability and right to approach management with any of the issues listed above and these statements should always be taken into account when management makes further decisions. In sun, management is the backbone of the organization as well as its eyes and ears and employees must have this stable presence to address in case of problems.As for marketing department, their main task is focusing on customers. here they develop ways how to attract customers towards the organization. This can be done by putting up advertisements through Medias such as the internet, television and news idea about the services they are offering. They are also to find reasonable priced suppliers and vendors to reduce the expenditure faced by buying from one particular vendor. Another main role is to come out of new ideas on the landscaping concept. This innovative concept will be the key role of attracting customers to towards the organization. Customer service department is responsible to consult with customers about their service needs or their wants. They also analyze what the customer says they want and need and the last part of their task is troubleshooting services to best fit their needs and expectations. Without this department, it is complicated for the organization to know the customers need. Since this department is more focused in customer caring matter, this will help the depot to solve the Sinclairs problem where he does not answer customer calls.The third department is inventory control department. Here the inventory control employee is responsible for maintaining acceptable and accurate inventory levels. They must report shortages, overages and all inventory levels monthly for replenishment. This process ensures continued operations and avoids product or inventory shortages. The inventory control employee is responsible for classifying, labeling and warehousing all inventories for future use. They must keep accurate translates of inventory levels and location for easy retrieval. This is critical in keeping the department organized and efficient. The inventory control person is responsible for communicating with all department managers and purchasing on inventory levels and locations. They must maintain a record of all transfers and disposal. The inventory section must implement and follow a control system to reduce damage, breakage and inventory obsolescence. This helps the Garden Depot issues on the stock missing prevented.Having all this departments in the organization is a must to help the business flow smoothly. In order for this departments to function, adequate amount of work force are needed which includes experienced and reliable people in the organization. No more seasonal work force should be employed which creates fluctuation in the business. With this strategic planning of deploying individual departments comprising of experienced and reliable forces, the Garden Depot sho uld be heading towards a new business era with a strong strategies, vision and mission. This will help the organization including the bottom line have a clear mind on what they are wanting to achieve but this time with a clear pathway.6. REFERENCESeHow (2010), Inventory Control, Job Description and Duties, online, URL (http//www.ehow.com/about_5494754_inventory-control-job-description-duties.html)Brandxpress (2007), 9 Responsibilities of a Marketing Department, online, URL (http//www.brandxpress.net/2007/03/9-responsibilities-of-a-marketing-department/more-286)Article Myriad (2010), The Responsibilities and usage of Management in an Organization, online, URL (http//www.articlemyriad.com/157.htm)Burke, W. Warner, and Bill Trahant,Traveling Through Transitions, Training Development, 1996, 50, 37 41.

Theory And Evidence Of Microfinance And Poverty Economics Essay

conjecture And Evidence Of Microfinance And meagreness sparings Essay2.0 IntroductionIt is widely believed that, together with im evokement in their geographical surroundings, micro finance is a powerful tool to mollify s tin cantness and empower women in their development. However these facilities are non restricted to women only. It is also extended to all those who are struggling to combat want or to indulge in their own entrepreneurship. Therefore, this chapter forget review definitions in the field of microfinance and penury. To enlighten further the study, empirical evidence are being analysed and discussed more(prenominal) appropriately be wretched.2.1 What Is Microfinance?image1.pngThe idea of microfinance started in Bangladesh around 1976 with Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank who has recently awarded the Nobel tranquility Prize for his achievement. Microfinance refers to the supply of loans, savings and other(a) basic financial work to poor. With innovative mea ns and development microfinance has been adopted and practiced in most growth countries where it has gained unbelievcapable success. to a greater extentover, from December 1997 t seedy December 2005 the number of microfinance institutions increased from 618 to 3,133. Supplementary evidences regarding its developments have been attached at Appendix I.However, different mess have different views and opinions in respect of Microfinance. For instance, Otero (1999) classifies Microfinance as the provision of financial services to low income, poor and very poor self-employed wad. Whilst Ledgerwood (1999) believes that it is a sustainable poverty etymon and it includes savings, credit rating entry and other financial services such as insurance and payment services, on the other hand Schreiner and Colombet (2001) described it as an attempt to human body place poverty by improving the access to small deposits and loans for poor phratrys who were being neglected by formal banks and financial institutions, mostly because of their poor credit worthiness.Generally speaking microfinance is becoming an imminent economic tool to politicians to up bring those people who are vulnerable or beyond the minimal direct of income holders. It is a way to extract the arts, qualities and skills that these people possess in front of the society by upgrading their enterprise, image and standard levels. In both(prenominal) countries, during the financial crisis that throw the global economy, governments have emphasised heavily on these instruments to combat a way let out of this turmoil. such(prenominal) facilities, inclusive of small loans with low interest rates, rede and bumper advertising campaign to promulgate the concept of microfinance were brought to the poorest, especially in rural areas.Microfinance involves short term savings and lending which are different to that of formal banks. Such facilities bear low interest rates and repayments facilities with the aim to c over the slant costs only. The costs of capital are recouped upon maturity and whole administrative and legal proceeding cost are ignored. Counselling is done through direct marketing where the cost involved in creation of awareness is low as these institutions betoken mostly low or no profit at all. Their main purpose is to improve the living conditions of those being afflicted by the curse of poverty.2.2 diachronic Background on indigence destitution is a complex issue which has always existed at different levels of society and in various forms across the world. Poverty has always existed but the fundamental question what causes it. However, according to the western conception, poor people are themselves accountable for their precarious situation. As the source of poverty lies in the socioeconomic system, the solution also must be at the societal level. A brief sketch of povertys history is given in Appendix II.It is difficult to define poverty as in that respect are vario us dimensions of poverty. Hulme and Mosley (1996) stated that microfinance is non a panacea for poverty alleviation and in some cases the poorest people were made worse off by microfinance institutions. On the other hand Rogaly (1996) argued that Microfinance Institutions had encouraged single sector set out to distribute resources to fight poverty. It did not prove to be beneficial to poor people as there was inadequate learning and change fetching place. At times they even failed to reach the poor, the more so as they had a limited impact on income. They encouraged women to greater dependence on their husbands but were unable to nominate additional services which were desperately required.Therefore, poverty is a growing concern for all governments. They have taken a multi-dimensional procession to reducing poverty, with efforts including publicity of economic growth delivery of public services to all transfer of assets to poor people and introduction of a accessible protecti on system. consequently, the persistence of poverty and inequality is clearly a key concern for government policy.2.2.1 Poverty ApproachesThe literature on poverty is divided into two categories namely the monetary approach supported by utilitarian, and the non-monetary approach supported by the non- utilitarian. This utilitarian approach places the conceptualization of welfare in the utility space where satis concomitantion determines the level of welfare. But since utility is not direct observable, resources .i.e. income has been used to measure welfare whereas the non-utilitarian view consists of the faith based, livelihood and force approach. This is illustrated below.Figure 2.1 Poverty Approach base Adapted by International ontogeny Research CentreFrom the above diagram, the monetary approach identifies poverty as a shortfall in consumption or income. An income below what is considered necessary to put through a minimum basket of basic goods would then be defined as the po verty line. The main assumption made by this approach is that consumers objective is to maximize their utility and that the ensuing welfare can be measured by their total consumption whereas the livelihood approaches emerged in the 1990s as a holistic framework for analyzing the factors that influence men and women in ful chartering their livelihoods, reflecting their perceptions of poverty and well-being. It also refers to the participatory approach of getting poor themselves to be able to understudy the root, causes and the victims of poverty.Poverty is not a modern day phenomenon. It has been around almost since the beginning of civilization from the time man was expelled from the Garden of Eden whereby he had had to start providing for himself. Poverty has always existed in human societies for thousands of years. This is all about the faith based approach of poverty.Moreover, the capability approach, pioneered by Sen in the 1980s and 1990s, argues that monetary poverty approach measures individuals well-being but fails to address the utility that individuals gain from others, their welfare. For Sen, capabilities are the abilities to satisfy certain crucial functioning up to certain minimally adequate levels. Thus according to him, poverty is the malfunction of some basic capability.The concept of poverty is universally regarded as a multidimensional one. There is no unique conceptualisation but it may consist in any form of inequity, which is a source of social exclusion from the basic essentialities of human dignity. Thus, the Oxford Poverty Human ripening Initiative (OPHI) uses an index namely the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)1index which complements a traditional focus on income to reflect the deprivations that a poor person faces with regard to education, health and living standard. It is the first international measure of its kind, and offers a valuable complement to income poverty measures because it measures deprivations directly.Accordi ng to me, a multifaceted definition of poverty would be-the lack of, and inability to afford, basic human needs, such as clean water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter andthe scarcity of opportunities that are important in improving human capital and facilitating social mobility.Thus, to address the dramatic effects resulting from poverty, various multilateral organizations such as the United Nations have left no stone unturned to combat this destitution. Moreover, different poverty reduction strategies and instruments have been genuine in order to improve the poors standard of living and booster them fragmentize the vicious cycle of poverty. Moreover these approaches can be broken further. This can be shown in the following diagram.Figure 2.2 Factors Affecting the Poverty ApproachSource Adapted by International education Research Centre (IDRC)The monetary approach includes all income in money metric and in practice omits social goods. Under this approach m ainly income and consumption are affected. Whereas, the livelihood approach comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. It enhances livelihood opportunities and shows how they relate to one another.The faith-based approach consists of spiritual faith. Religious faith and humans have coexisted since the beginning of civilization and have played a very important role in human life. The religious attitude is always based on the belief that there exists an all embracing, transcendental, moral law and that we human beings are bound to submit to its commands.Moreover, capabilities included not only basic individual ones such as nourishment and health but also more complex social ones, such as taking part in the community and achieving self-respect. Health and education, for example, are both functioning achievements in themselves as well as capabilities that allow people to achieve other valued and crucial performance. For instance, a woman can have a monetary income but, because of gender discrimination, can be unable to buy food for her family She lacks the capability to achieve a basic functioning for life. A capability seems to combine the concepts of ability and capacity. The main focus of the dissertation is based on this approach.2.3 Conceptual TheorySince microfinance can make a contribution to eradicate poverty, to better understand its significance, each of the poverty approaches is considered below.2.3.1 consort amid Microfinance and Monetary ApproachIn call of economic policy, it recommends the reduction of poverty by increasing labor productivity, through interventions of a general nature. Therefore, microfinance has evolved as an economic development approach intended to get ahead low-income groups. These programs are an effective way to append lowcost financial services to poor individuals and families as claimed by Miller and Martinez, (2006) Stephens and Tazi (2006). Once they benefit from microfinance ser vices, they will be able to earn more, save more ultimately smooth consumption. In turn they will enjoy a good health conditions among family members.2.3.2 Link between Microfinance and Non- Monetary ApproachFrom the economic policy standpoint, the non-monetary approach usually proposes targeted interventions which have the advantage of reducing the selection bias in favor of the poor relative to general kinds of interventions. Each non monetary approach has been considered below.2.3.2.1 Microfinance and faith basedPoverty and prosperity were considered to be the will of God. Thus religion is defined as an all round movement in the light of faith in one God and a sense of responsibility for the formation of thought and belief, for the promotion of high principles of human morality for the establishment of good relations among members of the society and the elimination of every sort of undue discrimination and injustices including poverty. Thus with the help of microfinance, people a re able to have a decent earning.2.3.2.2 Microfinance and LivelihoodMicrofinance can help to establish or expand family enterprises, potentially making the difference between grinding poverty and economically secure life. Furthermore, these programs increase access to healthcare, making preventative healthcare measures more affordable to the poor. Alternatively, more children are sent to tutor and stay enrolled for longer periods.2.3.2.3 Microfinance and Capability ApproachGiven that microfinance services are primarily focused on women, it is argued that women were empowered, through opportunities to take on leadershiphip roles and responsibilities, pause down of gender inequalities. Small loans can transform lives, especially those of women and children. The poor can become empowered instead of disenfranchised. Homes can be built, jobs can be created, businesses can be launched, and individuals can feel a sense of worth again. Woman are able to participate in the society, they a re recognised for their help in their families. This in turn increases the monthly income for the family which ultimately increases standard of living.Generally, the most important crisis and the main reason for failure to repay loans by poor families is illness. However, households of microfinance clients come out to have better nutrition, health practices, and health outcomes than comparable non-client households. Larger and more stable incomes generally lead to better nutrition, living conditions, and preventive health care. change magnitude earnings and financial management options also allow clients to treat health problems promptly rather than waiting for conditions to deteriorate.Along with financial services, some microfinance institutions also provide health education, usually in the form of short, simple preventive care messages on immunization, safe drinking water, and pre-natal and post-natal care while other programs provide credit products for water, sanitation, and housing. A growing number of microfinance institutions have forged partnerships with insurance providers to offer health insurance to clients.Moreover, another use of the microfinance services among the poor people is to give in childrens education. Children of microfinance clients are more likely to go to school and study longer ultimately student drop-out rates are much lower. Hence there is no disparity in education. Thus, it is clear that what microfinance can do for the poor depends on the poors ability to utilize what micro-finance offers them. In many countries, micro-finance provides a window of probability for the poor to access a borrowing. These facilities also provide organizational help, training, safety nets, empowerment, and financial and other help during crises. Once they benefit from these services, they will be able to make decisions that are better informed, smooth the consumption pattern, increase the expenditure on medical, education and other social occasion s.2.4 Empirical EvidenceMost of these studies were carried out in least developed countries and developing countries where poverty is really a root problem for the country. These findings are the clearest evidence that micro finance is working in the way intended to bring sustained aid to those suffering from hardship cases. Thus the following sub sections are empirical studies performed in least developed country, developing countries and small island economies. They are classified by their corresponding approach of poverty namely the monetary and capability.2.4.1 Developing Countries2.4.1.1 Monetary ApproachJoy M Kiiru, canful Mburu, Klaus Flohberg (2007) attempted to measure the impact of microfinance on household incomes. They used a pooled data set collected from the south western part of Makueni order in Kenya to study the households access to microfinance credit and how the credit affects their incomes as Cross sectional analysis fails to show any significant positive impac t of microfinance on poverty reduction. They found a weak positive significance of microfinance on household incomes, education and household head.Furthermore, in the research of Gertler et al. (2003), he found more positive conclusions in terms of the ability of micro finance to constrain vulnerability who find access to micro finance that helps households to smooth consumption disdain declines in health of adult family members. These authors have tried to find a relation between access to a financial institution and consumption shortfalls associated with ill health. They used geographic distance as a measure of access and find that for households in an area with a BRI branch health shocks have no effect on consumption.2.4.1.2 Capability ApproachK. Rajendran and R.P. Raya (2010) study the impact of microfinance on the empowerment in psychological, economic and social aspects and managerial skills of leaders of SHGs and their attitude in Vellore district. They surveyed 90 leaders and 90 animators of SHGs. Using the OLS they found that microfinance and SHGs are effective in reducing poverty, empowering women, creating awareness and ensure sustainability of environment which finally result in sustainable development of the nation. But age and education does not have any influence on empowerment among the rural women.Moreover, the case study carried out in 2007 by Eduardo C. Jimenez and Pia Bernadette Roman in Philippines found on average 96.2% of the people who borrow in groups pay back their loans on time. More than 160 microfinance institutions have adopted the principle of no collateral but weekly repayment of loans with lending at commercial rates so that they can cover their costs and they were allowed to make a profit. During that period, they have been able to target 436, 000 clients, 98% being women. The loan repayment rates of 96.2% were far higher than that healed by most commercial banks. Luckily the project had increased the clients income by more than 28%. Their spending was mostly on school and food. So, for Philippines, this had an impact on its economy, thereby enhancing the life span, the literacy rate and also improving the standard of living of those people.2.4.2 Least Developed Countries2.4.2.1 Monetary ApproachKhandker (2005) reported the direct effects of microfinance programs on poverty. He examined 1,638 households that participated in two waves of the BIDS World Bank 1991/92 and 1998/99 surveys in Bangladesh and found that moderate poverty in the sample villages declined by 17% between the two waves of the survey, and extreme poverty declined by 13%. Among those households that participated in the microfinance programs, the poverty rate declined by 20% in the same period, with more than half of the nearly 3% annual moderate poverty decline among participants attributed to the microfinance programs alone. He further found that access to microfinance programs contributed to the reduction of both moderate and ext reme poverty of individuals particularly women as well as for the village as a whole where inflow of microfinance funds to rural areas impacted the local economy and elevated per capita household consumption for both participants and nonparticipants.Morduch (1998) attempted to look specifically at the role microfinance plays in helping the poor, and reported mixed results, including some positive and some negative impacts of microfinance in alleviating poverty and helping the poor. He used survey data collected in 1991/92 by the Bangladesh Institute for Development Studies, in collaboration with the World Bank, covering 87 villages and nearly 1800 households. Survey data was collected at three points during the collection period to capture seasonal variations in household circumstances and found that the microfinance programs benefited the moderately poor more than the destitute. Further, he found that households that are eligible to borrow and have access to the programs do not ha ve notably higher consumption levels that control households. Additionally, he found that households eligible for programs have substantially lower variation in consumption and weary supply across seasons. Thus the most important potential impacts of microfinance programs are with reducing ones financial vulnerability, and not necessarily poverty.2.4.2.2 Capability ApproachMorris and Barnes (2005) attempted to provide an overall opinion of the impact of microfinance, and examined the impacts of three microfinance programs in Uganda. Baseline data was first collected in the winter of 1997 following a survey via hit-or-miss sample in respect of three program areas from programs clients and nonclients. To assess the impact thereof, the survey was repeated in the winter of 1999. The researchers found that microfinance programs did not help to alleviate poverty in program areas, though results from these impact studies indicated positive impacts on participants entrepreneurial busines s endeavours and within their own households. The authors further found that microfinance programs help to reduce financial vulnerability of poor individuals through the diversification of available income sources and the accumulation of assets.2.4.3 Small Island Developing State (SIDS)2.4.3.1 Livelihood ApproachPaul B McGuire (1996) has provided an assessment of microfinance in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) namely Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Western Samoa. Thus, he concluded that these people faced a number of constraints to sustainable microfinance, including low and highly dispersed populations, the lack of transport and communications infrastructure in many areas, and the continuing importance of the non-monetised subsistence economy in many countries.Apparently, the stylised fact is less than clear. Despite the huge number of studies on microfinance and poverty alleviation in the developing countries, t here exists little studies for small island economies. Thus this study attempts to fill the gaps by analyzing the impact microfinance on poverty and the welfare of households in Mauritius.As argued above, the facts and findings that were used have clearly indicated that microfinance is becoming a phenomenal contribution in building those economies that were previously struck by wars, natural calamities and turmoil.WebsitesBank Of Mauritius Website http//www.bom.muCentral Statistic Office Website http//www.gov.mu/portal/site/cso (Accessed 23 October 2010)Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Website http//www.dti.gov.uk brass of Mauritius Website http//www.gov.mu/portal/site/citizenhomepage (Accessed 23 July 2010)http//businessafrica.net/africabiz/countries/mauritius.phphttp//faithbasedmicrofinance.info/default.aspxhttp//internationaldevelopment.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Pagehttp//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1320549_code910083.pdf?abstractid=1291508http//web.worldbank.org/WBS ITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MAURITIUSEXTN/0,,menuPK381980pagePK141159piPK141110theSitePK381974,00.htmlhttp//www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/southern-africa/mauritius/http//www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3715http//www.blueorchard.com/jahia/Jahia/pid/341http//www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj17n2-5.html ( accessed 1st december)Homepagehttp//www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.cc515006ac7521ae3a9dbea5e2b521ca (Accessed 23 July 2010)http//www.idrc.cahttp//www.intracen.org/wedf/ef2006/global-debate/Resource-Person-papers/Appanah_Paper.pdfhttp//www.kiva.org/about/microfinance,http//www.localhistories.org/povhist.htmlhttp//www.lww.com/ quiet/docs/product/samplechapters/978-0-7817-7525-0_Front%20Matter.pdfhttp//www.mcci.org/business_finance_dbm.aspxhttp//www.microfinancefocus.comhttp//www.microfinancegateway.orghttp//www.mixmarket.org/mfi/trendshttp//www.nef.mu/documents/Liste_des_poches_de_pauvrete.pdfhttp//www.onepercentfortheplanet.org /en/http//www.ophi.org.uk/publications/ophi-working-papers/http//www.poverty-wellbeing.net/en/Home/Livelihood_Approacheshttp//www.rbapmabs.org/home/index.php/mabs-approach-training-and-technical-services/courses-and-training-offered-as-part-of-the-full-mabs-technical-assistance-package/mabs-approach-to-microfinancehttp//www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/62/International Monetary Fund Website www.imf.org/National Women Entrepreneur Council http//nwec.intnet.muOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Website http//www.oecd.org/homeSEDHA Website http//sehda.org/links.phpSmall and Medium Industries Development CorporationWebsite http//www.smidec.gov.mybooks1Books, Publication ThesisDamodar N. Gujarati (1996), Basic Econometrics, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill International, Economics SeriesGoogoolye Heema Devi , 2004. An appraisal of the contribution of the DBM Ltd in the development of SMEs. DissertationMinistry Of Womens Rights, Child Development Family Welfare, 17 October 2002 . Finding Hope Amidst PovertyMinistry Of Womens Rights, Child Development Family Welfare, 2001/02. Bilan, Republic of MauritiusSuresh M. Sundaresan, Microfinance emerging trends and challengesJournalsAdrian Gonzalez, M.A., 2008. Microfinance, incentives to repay, and overindebtedness evidence from a household survey in bolivia, Dissertation (PhD) Ohio State University.Chandni Ohri, Microfinance and health a case for integrated service delivery, Social Enterprises Associates.Claudio Gonzalez- Vega, Richard L.Meyer, Sergio Navajas, Jorge Rodriguez- Meza and Guillemo F. Monje, 1996. Microfinance market niches and client profiles in Bolivia, Economics and Sociology effortless paper no 2346.Copestake, J. Bhalotra, S. and S. Johnson, 2001. Assessing the impact of micro-credit A Zambian case study, Journal of Development Studies, 37(4), pp. 81-100.Dean Karlan, Martin Valdivia, 2010. Teaching Entrepreneurship Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions, pp. 1-45Es sentials, 1999. Microfinance, a synthesis of lessons learned.Gertler, Paul, Levine, David I., Moretti, Enrico, 2002. Do Microfinance Programs Help Families Insure Consumption against Illness?, California Center for population research online working paper series.Guush Berhane and Cornelis Gardebroek, 2009. Does microfinance reduce rural poverty? Evidence based on a household panel data from Northern Ethiopia, International association of Agricultural economists Conference, Beijing, China, 16-22 August 2009.J.T.O Oke, R. Adeyemo and M.U Agbonlahor, 2007. An empirical analysis of microcredit repayment in South-western Nigeria, Humanities and Social Sciences Journal, 2(1), pp. 63- 73.Jon Westover, 2008. 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Women, Title IX and Film :: Sports Essays

Women, Title IX and FilmWhen I was younger I can remember ceremonial old movies with my mother every Sunday. I loved watching the dashing men sweep away the pretty women and the extravagantly cheesy music. However much I loved the romance part of the story, it always struck me as kind of funny the way the woman was usually a very passive part of the whole relationship making model. She waited for him to kiss her, and the (or I should really say perhaps then) the ball is in her court and she has the ability to make decisions. In countless movies the woman is mad at the man and so what does he do? He grabs her and kisses her passionately. I always thought that it looked alike(p) it hurt. Some blackguard mashing his face into yours when you really do not want to be kissed? Not pleasant. My point in all this is that if you look at movies like these and then watch, say, go it Like Beckham or Girl Fight, the woman is actively choosing her variation, her path in life, and her relatio nship. Women now have the right to be empowered in film (despite the unbosom pervading Hollywood kitsch) and on of these ways, is inherently, through sport.Sport empowers women. That is a proven fact, and for many of us Title IX babies, a no-brainer. The question is why? When Title IX was still a fresh, new thing, for women sport served as something once denied them that they could finally experience. It represented getting the ball and being able to play just like one of the boys. Now women were on an even playing field, and that is always empowering. For these women it represented a chance more than anything else, but women of my generation get something else out of sport that makes the modern woman different.In films across the board, sport or no, the image of woman is changing. She is thinner, yes, to keep up with the Hollywood standard of the waif, but she is also get going and muscular. Jada Pinkett-Smith is my favorite example of the new Hollywood body. She has muscular def inition in her body but she is still very feminine. Women are expected (not just in Hollywood) to go to the gym regularly and work out. A woman who is not physically fit is not as attractive in todays modern instauration and that is the truth.